Motokari dzokutanga muRussia dzakabuda rini?

Motokari dzokutanga muRussia dzakabuda rini? Usati wapindura mubvunzo uyu, unoda kunzwisisa pfungwa chaiyo yemotokari.

Ndeipi motokari

Izwi rokuti "motokari" rinosanganisira zvikamu zviviri. "Auto" - inobva muchiGiriki uye zvinoreva "ini", uye "foni" muchiLatini zvinoreva "kufamba".

Icho chinotarisa kuti motokari inofadza inogona kufamba zvakasununguka. Izvi zvinoreva kuti iyi inofanirwa kunge ine injini yayo-steam, gesi, magetsi, peteroli, dizizi-zvisinei nokuti chii, kana bedzi kuburikidza nemubatsiri wake achifambisa magirasi. Saka, motokari yokutanga muRussia yakangooneka apo iyo yakagadzirirwa, yakagadzirwa nemumwe mhizha, inogona kufamba pasina rubatsiro rwekutasva bhiza kana simba revanhu.

Asi zvakadaro madzitateguru emakambani emotokari yemapurazi anofanira kuonekwa seavo "mashoma" echiRussia avo vakakwanisa kumanikidzira maitiro avo kuti vaende pasina kubatanidzwa kwemabhiza, uye kwete kutaura kuti zvaizova zvisina kururama.

Kutanga kwemabhizimisi emotokari

Nhoroondo yemotokari yekuRussia yekutanga yakatanga musi waNovember 1, 1752 muSt. Petersburg. Ikoko kwakatanga kuratidzwa muchengeti ane mavhiri mana, aikwanisa kufamba kunze kwekubatsirwa kwemabhiza nemamwe mhuka dzemauto. Yaiva simbi yakagadziriswa, inotungamirirwa negedhi rekugadzirwa kwakakosha uye kuedza kwemisvo yomumwe munhu. Mutambi wacho aigona kutakura vamwe vatakuri vaviri, kunze kwemufambisi, uye panguva imwe chete akatamira kumhanya kusvika kusvika 15 km / h. Muvaki wemotokari yaive nguva yakazara yega-kudzidziswa varimi, avo vaigara muNizhny Novgorod province, Shamshurenkov Leonty Lukyanovich. Iyo nzira yakasikwa naye, zvechokwadi, haigoni kuonekwa semotokari, asi yakanga isiri ngoro.

Ikoko kwaive pedyo nemano anozivikanwa yemotokari yaiva muumbi weRussia Ivan Petrovich Kulibin.

Crew of Kulibin

Izvo zvakagadzirirwa, zvakagadzirwa naKubin, yakave nechitsiko chemafhiri matatu, iyo yakasimwa chigaro chezvikepe zviviri. Mutyairi pachake, akamira kumashure kwechigaro ichi, aifanira kufungidzira zvimwe pamakumbo maviri akabatanidzwa nemichina yekufambisa kwemakumbo. Kulibin's crew inonyanya kukoshesa pakuti yakange iine zvinhu zvose zvakakosha zvekugadzirwa kwemotokari yemberi, uye ndiye ndiye akatanga kushandisa gear yokushandura, kubvisa chigadzirwa, kubereka uye kutungamirira muchitokari chake.

Kuonekwa kwemotokari yokutanga muRussia

Muna 1830, K. Yankevich, uyo aive akazivikanwa neunyanzvi hwekunatswa, pamwechete nevabatsiri vake, vakaungana "Bystroka" - motokari yemoto yakazvidzivirira nemhepo ine injini. Injini yaiva nechigadziro chakavakirwa pamagadzirirwo emagetsi emagetsi II Polzunov, ME Cherepanov naPK Frolov. Semafuta, maererano nemafungiro emuumbi, pine matanda ematanda aifanira kushandiswa.

Chimiro chacho chaiva nemoto yakavharwa nemoto, iyo yakapa, kunze kwechigaro chevatyairi, uyewo zvigaro zvevatakuri.

Zvisinei, iyo nzira yakashandurwa kuva yakaoma zvikuru uye yakaoma kushanda. Nokudaro, chigadzirwa chemichina chakanga chisingaiti. Kunyange zvakadaro, ndiyo yaiva yemotokari yekutanga muRussia, iyo inogona kunyatsoonekwa semhepo chaiyo inogadziriswa nemhepo ine injini.

Chimiro chejini chinokwanisa kumhanya pane peteroli, chakakonzera kukurudzirwa kwekushandisa kwemotokari yemotokari, sezvo iyo, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwayo hwakaenzana, inogona kuve iyo inotyisa yekufambisa kwemotokari dzemangwana.

Motokari dzokutanga muRussia neIIC

Maererano nevamwe vanyori vezvakaitika kare-vatsvakurudzi, motokari yekutanga neIki yakagadzirwa muna 1882 mune rimwe guta duku reVolga. Vanyori vemakina vaiva injini Putilov uye Khlobov. Zvisinei, zvinyorwa zvepamutemo, zvakavimbika zvinotsigira izvi, saka hazvina kuwanikwa. Saka, inofungidzirwa kuti motokari yekutanga yeRussia, yakagadzirwa nemafuta emotokisi, yakatengeswa kubva kune dzimwe nyika.

Muna 1891 Vasilii Navorotsky, uyo akashanda semunyori weimwe yemapepanhau eOdessa, akatumira motokari yeFrance Panar-Levassor kuRussia. Icho chinopera kuti kwekutanga kokutanga munyika yedu gasoro yemotokari yakaonekwa nevagari veOdessa.

Pamberi peguta guru reMambo weRussia, kufambira mberi kwechimiro chemotoro yemoto kwakauya pashure pemakore mana. Gumiguru 9, 1895, St. Petersburg vakaona yekutanga petrool self self-propelled machine. Kwapera nguva yakati, mamwe emamwe motokari akaunzwa kune guta guru.

Sezviri pachena, kubuda kwemashamba akaiswa mumusika wepasi pose kwakagadzirisa chiito chevashandi vekugadzira dzimba.

Imotokari yokutanga yeRussia neIki

Muna 1896, paNizhny Novgorod mureza wekuongororazve, motokari yakazara yemusangano yepamusha yakaiswa, yakagadzirirwa injini ye petrol. Imotokari yakatumidzwa kuti: "Motokari ye Freze naJakovlev," mukuremekedzwa kwevakagadzira-EA Yakovlev naP. A. Frese. Chimiro chaJakovlev chakagadzirwa nekutengesa uye injini yemakina. Iyo chisiki, mavhiri uye hura yacho pachayo yakagadzirwa paFekisi yakasununguka. Zvisinei, hazvikwanisi kutaurwa kuti chitarisiko chemotokari yeRussia chakava chikonzero chakanaka chevanjiniya veRussia.

Western model yeRussian machine

Zvingangodaro, Freze naJakovlev vakashandisa chiitiko cheGerman muumbi weBenz mukugadzira yemotokari yake, uye motokari yake "Benz-Victoria" yakatorwa kuti iite, iyo yavakaona paakashanyira chiitiko ichi muChicago muna 1893, kwaakaratidzwa, Kuonekwa kwemuchina wepamba kwakafanana zvikuru neGermany model.

Ichokwadi, zvakakosha kubhadhara mutero kuvanjiniya veRussia, motokari yakanga isiri iko zvachose kopi yomumwe munhu wokune imwe nyika. Chisiki, muviri uye kutengesa kwemotokari yemumusha zvakanyatsogadziriswa, izvo zvakasimbiswa mumutsara wepanguva iyoyo, kunyatsocherechedza zvinyorwa mumunda wekuwana uye zvigadzirwa.

Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvemuchina weimba, pamwe nemifananidzo, hazvina kupona. Zvose kutonga pamusoro pemotokari zvakabva pakupona kubva panguva iyoyo, tsanangudzo uye mifananidzo. Chaizvoizvo, kunyange hazvizivikanwi kuti mashandisi emakwikwi aya akabudiswa sei zvachose. Asi chero zvakadaro, iyi ndiyo yaiva yemotokari yekutanga muRussia, iyo yakatanga kugadzirwa kwemotokari yeRussia.

Pedzisa mutsara wekutanga motori yemotokari

Nhoroondo yemotokari yakaungana naFreze neshamwari yake yakaguma nokukurumidza. Muna 1898, injini uye muzvinabhizimisi Yakovlev vakafa, iyo, chaizvoizvo, yakanga iri kutanga kwemagumo uye yezvokutanga zvemakambani emotokari. Rufu rwemumwe wake rwakamanikidza Freze kuti atenge motokari dzemotokari kune dzimwe nyika, iyo, zvechokwadi, yakanga isingabatsiri zvikuru kwaari. Muna 1910 akatengesa zvose zvakasimbiswa kugadzirwa kuRussian-Baltic plant.

Kunyange zvakadaro, chokwadi chokuti motokari dzakatanga kuRussia muRussia dzakaratidzwa nekuda kwaFrese naYakovlev, dzakanyorwa nokusingaperi munhoroondo yemabhizimisi emotokari, uye RBCI ndiyo nhanho inotevera mukuvandudza kwekugadzirwa kwemotokari yeRussia.

IRussian-Baltic Carriage Plant (RBVZ)

Mutengo wekutanga wemotokari yeRussia yakagamuchira zita rekuti "Russo-Balt". Pasi payo, gore risati rava kutengwa kwefekitari yakasununguka, muzhizha ra 1909, kambani yakabudisa motokari yekutanga yekuita kwayo.

Iko motokari yemuchina uyu yakaratidza kuti yakasimba uye yakavimbika kwazvo, iyo yakasimbiswa kubudirira kwemotokari dzakabatanidzwa mukufamba kwenguva refu, kumakwikwi emotokari uye kunyange mumagungano emarudzi ose. Icho chiri chokwadi chakanyorwa kuti imwe yemichina, yakabudiswa muna 1910 pasi pehurukuro "C-24", kwemakore mana ekushanda yakapfuura mazana makumi masere makiromita pasina kukanganisa kukuru uye kugadziriswa. Kunyangwe gara rekumambo muna 1913 rakagadzirira maitiro maviri emotokari "K-12" uye "C-24".

60% yemotokari yemotokari yeuto reRussia yaiva nemabhiza eRousseau-Balt. Uye chimiro chacho chakatenga kwete motokari chete, asiwo chesisi yekushandisa pamotokari yehondo.

Chinhu chinokosha ndechekuti inenge zvose zvese, zvikamu uye nzira dzemiti yacho yakagadzirwa nemasimba ega. Mune dzimwe nyika, chete mataire, mabheti ebheta, uye mafuta emagetsi anowanikwa.

IRBVZ yakagadzira motokari mumakwikwi makuru, uye mukati mega yega yaive nechokuita kushandura kwakakwana kwezvikamu nezvikamu.

Muna 1918 kambani yakave yakasarudzwa uye yakaramba yakaitika seyofekitari yakashongedzwa.