Ivan 3: Zvikamu zveBhodi neChizvarwa

Pakati pemachinda eMoscow, Ivan anonyanya kusiyaniswa. Migumisiro yekutonga kwemambo uyu inoshamisa chaizvo. Akakwanisa kubatana pedyo neMoscow kunenge nyika dzose dzinotaura chiRussia. Paakazobviswa pajoko reMongol. Izvi uye zvimwe kubudirira kwaIvan Vasilyevich zvakazoitika nekuda kwekushandura kwake kushandura uye uchenjeri.

Mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika

Ivan III akaberekwa muna 1440 mumhuri yeMoscow Mukuru Duke Vasily Vasilyevich weChiedza. Baba vake vaifanira kurwisana nekutonga kwake kwose nehama - avo vaibvunza chigaro. Munguva yekunyengedza, Basil akapofumadzwa uye makore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake akange asingachagoni. Mwanakomana wekutanga Ivan akava meso ake nenzeve. Kubvira pauduku muduku mugari wenhaka akadzidza hurumende yehutungamiri. Unyanzvi hwose hwaakagamuchira nababa vake, hwakamubatsira gare gare, apo Guru Guru aifanira kuita zvisarudzo zvakaoma uye zvine musoro.

Nekufa kwaVasily Vasilyevich muna 1462, Ivan akatanga kutonga.Zvizoitika zvekutonga kwababa vake, pasinei nemafungiro, vaikurudzira. Moscow yakava nzvimbo huru yezvematongerwo enyika eRussia. Vavakidzani varo vaiva Golden Horde, mabhuku eTver neRyazan, Lithuania uye Novgorod Republic. Izvo zvose zvese zvehurumende dzaive nenguva dzakapesana neKremlin, saka Ivan Vasilyevich aifanira kushandiswa kudzvinyirira nguva dzose mumatongerwo enyika kunze kwemakore ekutanga ehurumende.

Kurwisana neLithuania

Munguva yekutonga kweMongol, Moscow yakakwanisa kubatanidza nzvimbo dzakawanda dziri kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva kweRussia. Iyi ndiyo yaiva nzvimbo mumupata wepamusoro weVolga uye yeOka. Zvisinei, imwe simba rakaonekwa kumavirazuva, iyo inogona kuva imwe nzvimbo yeRussia.

Yaiva Lithuania, iyo, pasinei nekutonga kwechiLithuania dzinza, huwandu hwevanhu vacho hwaiva veSouth Slavs. Muzana remakore XIV-XV. Iyi nyika yakaenderera mberi neKaturike Poland. Nyika mbiri dzakagumisa kubatana ndokusika Commonwealth. Kumubatanidzwa mutsva waiva Novgorod aristocracy, inotungamirirwa naMarfa Boretskaya. Kubudirira kwakadaro hakukwanise kushivirirwa naIvan 3. Zvigumisiro zvekutonga kwechiremera ichi zvakaratidza kuti ainyatsoziva nezvekutyisidzira kwePolish-Lithuanian uye munzira dzose inogona kuedza kumukira muvengi wake muku "kuunganidza nyika" pane imwe danho.

Kubviswa kweNoggorod Republic

Muna 1471 mukuru weMoscow akazivisa hondo kuNovgorodod. Maererano neKirstinsky chibvumirano chorugare, hurumende yevassal ye republic kubva kuKremlin yakasimbiswa. Izvi zvinopesana zvishoma nezvishoma zvakanyaradza mamiriro acho ezvinhu.

Ivan akanga ane vasori vakawanda muNovgorod, avo vaitarisira mafungiro emunharaunda yevahedheni. Apo vakaudza mutungamiri pamusoro pekuedza kutsva kutumira nhume kumambo wePolish, muMoscow zvakasarudzwa kushandisa ikoku kutengesa sechikonzero chehondo. Novgorod vaida kupererwa pasina kurwisana. Saka muna 1478 akazobatanidzwa nehurumende yeRussia inotanga kubuda. Iko chiratidzo chikuru chesununguko rwekodzero yechechi yakatorwa kuMoscow.

Kubvumirana kweTver

Ivan 3 akaitawo zvakasimba mukukakavadzana nevamwe vavakidzani, migumisiro yekutonga kwake yakaratidza kubudirira kweshoko rake rinokuvadza. Munguva yekare, Tver ndiye aiva mukuru weMoscow. Nguva iyoyo yakasara shure, uye iye zvino mutongi wehutungamiri uyu, Mikhail Borisovich, akaedza kukanganisa neKremlin. Apo Ivan Vasilyevich akanga achiri wechidiki, akanga akaroora kune hanzvadzi yaTver gavhuna Maria. Vakaroorana vaiva nemwanakomana mumwe chete. Ainziwo Ivan. Pamuviri wemadzimai, mukomana uyu akazova chirevo cheTver chigaro.

Apo Mikhail akaedza kuenda kune ukama nePoland, Ivan Vasilyevich akabva auya neuto rake kuenda kumukuru wake. Tver muchinda, anonzwisisa kusava netariro kwemamiriro ake ezvinhu, akatiza kune imwe nyika. Saka muna 1485 Ivan akakwanisa kuwedzera nhaka yake pasina hondo.

Panguva imwecheteyo, munzvimbo yevassal maererano neMoscow yakasara imwe "yakasununguka" maguta eRussia - Pskov naRyazan. Iyi kubudirira yakaisanganisira migumisiro yeBhodi yeIvan 3. Tafura inoratidza zviitiko zvikuru zvine chokuita nekutonga kwake.

Mugumo wejoko reKhan

Imwe dambudziko rinokosha revanhu vose veRussia rave rakareba tatar-mutongo weMongolian. Kwenguva refu vana khans vakaunganidza mutero kubva kumaSlav machinda. Muna 1380 Dmitry Donskoy vakakunda vaTatars muhondo yeKukokovo. Kubva panguva iyoyo, simba ravo rakava rakaoma kwazvo, iro raive nekuda kwekuparadzana kwezvematongerwo enyika muHorld Horde. Izvo zvakagadzirwa nemigumisiro yebhodhi raIvan 3 raiva mukugadzirisa kwekupedzisira kwedambudziko iri.

Mukomana wokupedzisira uyo akaedza kuita kuti mukuru weMoscow ave mutongi wake ndiye mukomana weGreat Horde Akhmat. Akange asinazve Siberia, Crimea neNogai, kufanana nevatungamiri vake, asi akanga achiri nengozi. Muna 1480 akapfuurira kurwisa Moscow. Ivan Vasilyevich akaenda kunoparadza muvengi wepamusoro wekambani. Hondo mbiri dzakasimuka kumabanki akasiyana eUgra River, uye dzisina kumbopikisana muhondo nekuda kwekunyadzisa kwaAhmad. Achiziva kuti aisagona kumira nemukuru, akadzoka shure. Mushure mezviitiko izvi, joko reTatar-Mongol rakagumburwa. Migumisiro yekutonga kwaIvan 3, muchidimbu, yakaitwa mukuti iye aikwanisa kudzivirira kuMoscow kubva kunze kwekutyisidzira. Mutungamiriri akafa muna 1505, akafukidzirwa nekukunda kwake uye kubudirira.