The Venetian Republic. The Republic of Saint Mark: nhoroondo

Venetian Republic yakaumbwa pakupera kwezana remakore rechinomwe muEurope. Guta racho raiva guta reVenice. Munyika yekuchamhembe-kumabvazuva kwenyika yemazuva ano yeItaly, republic haina kumbomira, yakaumba makoloni mumabhesheni eMarble, Aegean uye Black Seas uye Adriatic. Yaivapo kusvikira muna 1797.

Republican justice

MuDege 's Palace, vashumiri uye Doge's Council vakaungana muPianchetti, uye kune dare. Sangano, kunyange jeri. IVenetian Republic yakauraya vose vaiti vezvakaipa pachena, kazhinji pasina tsanangudzo - chero munhu akaurayiwa aiva mutengesi kune vose vanofarira.

Dare rakavanzika regumi rakabatanidzwa nekutongwa - kazhinji pakutsamwa. Nguva yekupedzisira vanhu vomunharaunda vakaona chitunha pakati pehurukuro pa pianchette kwete kare kare - muna 1752, pane chiratidzo kusvikira nhasi: hazvina kunaka kupfuura pakati pezvikamu.

Zvisinei, zvitunha zvinogona kuonekwa kwose kwose: muimba yamambo yeMbwa, pamusoro waro wepamusoro, uko kune mahwendefa emavara matsvuku, pane zvigaro zvakasara zvevatori vechikamu muurongwa hweMarino Falero, uye kunyange muchechi yepamusoro pakona iyo misoro yakasara yakaratidzwa. Chikamu che porphyry, chakashanda sechimiro chavo, ichiripo. Nokudaro, mitemo yakagadzirwa kuti Venetian Republic inoda kuchengeta. Nhoroondo yaro yakareba uye inopesana.

Nyika yakasiyana

Yakanga iripo kubva muzana remakore rechishanu kusvika kunenge gumi nemapfumbamwe, republic yakanga yakasarudza masangano ehurumende-humwe uye, mumwe angati, democracy. Mumakore ekure 466, vagari veVenetian lagoon vakabatana pfungwa iyi isingafi. Vamiririri vane gumi navaviri vakasarudzwa kuGungano rezvisikwa gumi nemaviri zvakakosha panguva iyo, iyo yakaumba Venice: Bebbe, Grado, Heraclea, Caorle, Torcello, Jesolo, Rialto, Murano, Povella, Malamokko, Big naMalaya Chioggia.

Venetian Republic yakamanikidzwa kurwisa zvakaoma uye nguva dzose: Odoakr, Ostrogoths, East Eastern Empire, yakadzokororwa kuparadzirwa kweLombards ... Nokudaro, kudiwa kwekutonga kwakakwirira kwakaratidzwa. Dhigirii yekutanga yakasarudzwa nokuda kwehupenyu hwake hwose, asi pasina kutamisa nzvimbo yake senhaka muna 697. Yaiva Paolo Lucio Anafesto, mukuru weVenetian Republic. Kunyange zvazvo chokutanga chakanyatsonyorwa chisarudzo chakaitika muna 727, apo Doge yakazova Orseolo.

Checks uye zviyero

Hurumende yezvematongerwo enyika yeVenice yaiva nehutano hwakawanda hwekutonga. Chokutanga pane zvose, zvakanga zvakakosha kuitira kuti kushandiswa kwesimba kusina kuitika.

• Guru Guru: mutumbi wakakwirira unosarudza magweta makuru, magistrates uye doges. Uhu huwandu hwehutano pasi pekupinda mu "Golden Book". Nhamba panguva dzakasiyana yakabva kune mazana mana kusvika kune chiuru.
• Doge: akasarudzwa kubva pakati pevatongi veSan Marco - nzvimbo yehupenyu hwose. Zvikamu gumi nezviviri zvekusarudzwa. Handikwanise kuita zvisarudzo zvokuzvisarudzira, simba rakakwana. Hazvikwanisi kufamba uye kuva neimba kune dzimwe nyika.
• Dare remakurukota: vatariri vatanhatu vari pasi pemvura uye vatatu nhengo yedare remakumi mana.
• Senate: zana ne makumi maviri nhengo dzinosarudzwa kwegore rine kodzero yekudzorerwa zvakare. Imwe zana nemakumi mana vasina kodzero yekuvhota. Mutungamiri weSenate ibhodi re gumi nematanhatu. Dare rakakurukura uye rakagadzirisa mitemo yose yekunze neyemhuri.
• Dare re makumi mana: Dare Repamusorosoro reRepublic. Yakagadzirwa neHarare Council.
• Bhuku regumi: rinenge reInquisition. Kuongorora kwakanyanya kwaDoge. Nhengo dzakasarudzwa kwegore neHarare Council. Kuzivikanwa kunorambidzwa. Kunyatsosazivikanwa kusarudzwa.
• Mamwe masangano emasimba: masangano ezvidzidzo, hukama hwehama.

Chero chero Venetian inogona kusarudza uye ichasarudzwa, asi, sezvainogara uye kwose kwose, Doge yakave mumiriri weimwe yemapfuma akaisvonaka. Sarudzo dzakadaro dzakanga dzisiri chete yeVenetian Republic. Nhoroondo inogara ichidzoka nguva dzose.

Kuwana simba

Nenzira, guta reVenice rakarongerwa kuHutambo hweByzantine, kwenguva pfupi Charlemagne akazviisa kune yake, asi chaizvoizvo nguva dzose yaive yakasununguka. Mamiriro acho akachengeteka uye anobatsira. IVenetian Republic haina kungotengesa chete kubudirira, asi yakarwawo nekukunda, kunyanya pagungwa. Somugumisiro, kumhenderekedzo yekumaodzanyemba kweAdriatic uye yakawanda yeZasi kweItaly yakava simba reVenetian doge.

Machechi echiRoma aipfumisa zvikuru masangano ekutengeserana, uye guta reVenice rakatanga kubudirira, richiwedzera simba rayo kuMiddle and Middle East. Vadziviriri muchitarisana neguta-republics yePisa neGenoa vaisagona kukwikwidzana neRepublic of Doges.

Kudziviswa kwekodzero

Kunyange zvakadaro, mukati mehurumende, ma democrats akarwiswa zvakasimba nevanokudzwa. Kuda kwevamwe kuchinja hurumende kuva hutongi hwekudenga hwaisafanirwa kuitika. Muna 1172, Guru Guru reMasitori Akasarudzwa akabatanidzwa, izvo zvakanyanyisa simba reMbwa.

Vakuru vekudzidzira vakashandura mazita uye nhamba dzavo: Republic of St. Mark, sezvaiwanzoidzwa kuti Venetian Republic muMiddle Ages, yakagadzira Council of Forty uye Council of Five Hundred, uye miviri iyi yakasarudza masimba eveMbwa, uye yakarongedza uye yakarongedza zviito zvose zveMambo Gavhuna wehurumende. Vakagadzirawo republic oligarchical, kutonga sarudzo.

Mumufananidzo uyu ishumba yeSt. Mark, muevhangeri, ane zita rinonzi Council uye Council of Ten, iyo iyo Venetian Republic yakanyatsodada nayo. Nguwo yezvombo iri pamberi pako.

Oligarchy

Purogiramu yehurumende yakashandiswa zvikuru kwenguva yakareba yaiva hondo, uye oligarchs yakanga isingagadziri mari yekushandisa mari. Zvikwereti zvakamanikidzwa uye zvakashungurudza chikamu chakanaka chevanhu. Zvaisakwanisa kuramba kana kusazvidza chisarudzo chakaitwa neVenetian Republic. Nhoroondo yakachengetedza mazita mazhinji eavo vakaedza kurwisa, uye kuguma kwavo kwaiva inglorious. Kunyange zvakadaro, gungano revanhu revanhu rakazobviswa zvishoma nezvishoma ndokuputswa. Mutemo wakashanda chete nokuda kwevanhu vakanaka.

Mushure mokukundwa kweConstantinople neVaCruspers, Venice yakagamuchira katatu-masereti yenharaunda yese yeByzantium uye chitsuwa chose cheKrete. Nokudaro, pakupera kwezana remakore rechigumi nemashanu, akanga akapfuma uye asingatyi vavengi. Pakati pevaVenetians pane vanhu vakawanda vesayenzi uye unyanzvi kupfuura mune imwe nyika. Zvose zviri kushandiswa uye kushambadzira zvakawedzera. Vanhu vacho vaikurumidza kuve vakapfuma, nokuti havana kuisunga nemitero.

Kuchinja

Portugal muna 1498 yakazarura nzira yegungwa kuenda kuEngland Indies, uye guta reVenice rakarasikirwa nezvose zvakakosha zvekutengeserana kumabvazuva. Umambo hweOttoman hwakatora Constantinople ndokubvisa vaVenetians zvezvinhu zvose zvaiva zvavo, kunyange Albania neNegroponte, uye ipapo Cyprus neChristian. Kubva muna 1718, Venetian Republic yakarega kupindira mukutengeserana kwenyika.

Akanga ane zvidzidzo zvemamiriyoni maviri nehafu aigara muVenice pachake, muDalmatia, Istria uye Ionian Islands. Uye mushure mokurwisana kweFrance, yekupedzisira kuzvimirira kweguta kwakarasika. Bonaparte akazivisa hondo pamusoro pemubatanidzwa. Hapana nhaurirano uye kubvumirana hakuna kushanda. Venice yakazvipira pamutsa wekunakunda muna 1797. Nharaunda yenyika yacho yakaparadzaniswa pakati peAustria, France uye umambo hweItaly.

Mhinduro

Yakazara zvachose kwemakore anopfuura 1100, yakakunda iyo nharaunda yakaenzana nemakore kupfuura iyo, iyo yaiva nemakwikwi akawanda ezvingarava muMediterranean, iyo yaiva inopesana neTurks neOttoman Empire, Venetian Republic icharamba iri muchiyeuchidzo chevanhu sekutanga kwenyika. Izvo zvaakange asingakwanisi kuchengetedza kwete chete guta raakakunda, asi iro rayo guru ndiro chidzidzo: hondo nevakidzani haisi nani kupfuura hondo yevagari vemo.