Thomas Carlyle: biography, zvinyorwa. Quotes uye aphorisms yaTommas Carlyle

Thomas Carlyle (December 4, 1795 -February 5, 1881) munyori weScotland, mutapi wenhau, munyori wenhau dzakaitika uye mufilosofi, popularizer uye mumwe wevadzidzisi vezvenzira yakasiyana-siyana yezvigadzirwa zvemaoko uye mafirosofi ezvinyorwa zvekare - Cult of Heroes. Nyanzvi yakakurumbira zvikuru yeAva Victorian. Akanga ane simba guru pamafungiro emutemo.

Mhuri

Akaberekerwa mumhuri yeCalvinist James Carlyle uye mudzimai wake wechipiri, Janet Aitken, ndiye aiva mukuru wevana vapfumbamwe (anomiririra amai vaTomasi). Baba vangu vaiva muvezi, gare gare murimyi muduku. Airemekedzwa nekuda kwekusimba kwake uye kuzvimiririra. Kunyanya kunze, akanga ane mwoyo wakanaka. Kushamwaridzana kwemhuri yaCarlyle kwakanga kwakasimba kwazvo, uye Tomasi akabata baba vake noruremekedzo rukuru, sezvakaratidzwa mumashoko ake. Akagara ane tsitsi huru kuna amai vake uye aiva hama yakanaka.

Chidzidzo

Vabereki vakanga vasina mari yakawanda, saka Carlyle ane makore manomwe akatumirwa kuzodzidza kuchikoro cheparisheni. Paakanga ava nemakore gumi, akatumirwa kuAnnan High School. Kuda kwake kurwisana kwakakonzera matambudziko nevakawanda vevadzidzi vekuchikoro, asi pasina nguva akaratidza kufarira kwazvo kudzidza, izvo zvakaita kuti baba vake vadzidzise kunamata. Muna 1809 akapinda muYunivhesiti yeEdinburgh. Akanga asingafariri kudzidza, kunze kwematemu ezvidzidzo zve Sir Sir Lasley, uyo akazova shamwari yake yakanaka.

Akaverengawo zvakawanda. Zvisinei, chakanyanya kukuvadza kwaari chakanga chisiri chechipiri mabhuku, asi basa revanhu venguva yake. Vakomana vanoverengeka vaaiva naye mune imwe nzvimbo, vakamuona semutungamiri wepfungwa, uye tsamba yavo inoratidza maitiro ezvinyorwa. Muna 1814 Carlyle, achiri kugadzirira kuva mupirisita, akagamuchira chikamu chedzidzisi mumasvomhu pachikoro chaAnnan, izvo zvakamubvumira kuchengetedza mari shoma. Muna 1816 akagadzwa mudzidzisi pachikoro muKirkland.

Dambudziko remweya

Muna 1818 Carlyle akasarudza kusiya basa rake rekunamata. Haana kutsanangurira kune mumwe munhu tsanangudzo dzekushandurwa kwakaitika maari, asi chido chake chekusiya maonero ekufungidzira evakudzidzisi vemweya, avo vanogara vachiremekedzwa zvikuru, zvaiva pachena. Kwenguva yakati, kusatenda kwaMwari kwakaratidzika seye nzira chete yekubuda, asi iye akanyanya kushungurudzika. Zvose izvi zvakaita kuti Carlyle apinde mumatambudziko emweya, ayo akakwanisa kukunda chete pashure pokunge anyora "SartorResartus. Upenyu nemafungiro aVaTeifelsdrek "munaJune 1821. Akadzinga mweya wekuramba, uye kubvira panguva iyoyo unhu hwekutambudzika kwake hwakashandurwa nokusingaperi. Ichi chakanga chisisisiri "kuchema", asi "kutsamwa uye kusateerera kusateerera." Muna 1819 akatanga kudzidza ChiGerman, izvo zvakamutungamirira kune vatsva vanofarira. Aifarira mabhuku echiGermany. Zvizhinji zvezvose zvaaifarira mabasa aGoethe. Mavari, akaona mukana wekukandira zvidzidzo zvisingashandisi pasina kuwedzera muzvinhu zvenyama. Vakasangana uye vakanyora kwenguva yakareba. Goethe akataura zvakanaka nezveshanduro yemabhuku ake.

Upenyu hwega

Mushure mekukwikwidzana kwenguva refu, muna 1826, Thomas Carlyle akaroora Jane Bailey Welch. Akanga achibva kune zviri nani kumhuri, uye zvakamutorera makore akawanda kuti awane zvakakwana uye awane kubvumirana kumuchato. Vakagara pamwe chete kwemakore makumi mana, kusvikira Jane afa. Makore okutanga mushure mokuroorana kwaigara mumusha, asi muna 1834 vakatamira kuLondon. Lady Welch akanga asina mwana, izvo zvakazoita kukakavadzana uye godo. Uchapupu hweizvi nderekunyora kwavo. Upenyu hwavo hwaive hwakaoma zvakare nekuda kwezvinetso zvepfungwa zveCarlyle. Aine manzwiro makuru uye psyche yakaoma, kazhinji aitambura nokuora mwoyo kwekuora mwoyo, kusuruvara kwake kwakatambudzwa, uye kuimba kwaiitwa neshiri mumunda womuvakidzani wake kwakanga kuchimutyaira. Mafungiro okutsamwa akangoerekana ashandiswa nokuputika kwekunyanyisa kwemashoko. Akaponeswa chete nekunyudzwa mubasa rake. Nokuti kusurukirwa uku uye rugare zvakanga zvakakodzera, uye mumba mazvo zvaive zvakagadzirirwa nekamuri rakasununguka risina kumira. Somugumisiro, mudzimai wake aiwanzogombedzerwa kuita mabasa epamba oga, kazhinji ainzwa akasiyiwa.

Mabhuku ezvinyorwa

Mumakore ekuma1830 Carlyle akabudiswa "SartorResartus. Upenyu nemafungiro aVaTeifelsdrek "mubhuku reFraser. Pasinei nekudzika kwemafungiro efilosofi, kushamisa kwezvakanaka zvezvirevo zvake, bhuku iri harina kubudirira zvakakwana. Muna 1837 akabudisa basa rake "On the French Revolution", iro rakamuunza kubudirira kwechokwadi. Kubva muna 1837 kusvika muna 1840 akaverenga zvidzidzo zvakawanda, izvo chete ("The Cult of the Hero") yakabudiswa. Vose vakauya naye mune zvemari, uye pazera remakumi mana nemashanu akakwanisa kuva mari yakazvimiririra. Akanga ane vadzidzi vazhinji nevateveri. Kubva muna 1865 akazova mutariri weYunivhesiti yeEdinburgh.

Maonero pane sangano revanhu

Nenzira yekuvandudza uye inorwadza yenguva yeByron, Thomas Carlyle, uyo ane nhoroondo yenyaya yacho, akasiyana neEvhangeri. Akataura nezvekugadzirisa hurumende. Mukurwisana nemaonero ekugadzirwa kwenyika, kunamatwa kwevakawanda uye zvehurumende kunotsigira hupenyu hwakazara hwezvinoreva, kusimbiswa kwepamusoro-soro, hukuru-humwe hutsika hwevanhu. Simba rakasimbiswa rezvematongerwo enyika, Thomas Carlyle, rakasiyana nechechi yevarwi. Akatenda kuti munharaunda uye nyika inofanira kungotongwa nevaya vane kukunda simba. Kubudirira kwechishuvo chinotungamirira kusimba kwakataurwa semafungiro ezvakanaka zvichienderana nekuramba uchiedza zvinangwa zvepamusoro zvako, uye uku ndiko kushaya simba uye njodzi yesayenzi yake, iyo inosanganiswa ye puritanism yeScotishism uye chinangwa cheGermany.

Mune zvematongerwe enyika, akaita basa guru seanorist of the imperialism, achidzivirira pfungwa yebasa rezvematongerwo enyika revanhu veChirungu kuti vagamuchire nyika yose. Kubva mukushambadzira kunofanira kuonekwa, kutanga kune dzose, mafirosofi uye maitiro ezvakaitika kare "Hero, Heroes 'Ruremekedzo uye Herobhoki muNhau Dzekare", "NezveFrance Revolution", "SartorResartus. Upenyu nemafungiro aVaTeffddrek "nevamwe.

Mafirosofi maonero pamusoro pehupenyu

Pasi pesimba rekufadzwa neGermany romanticism, Calvinism yakasara. Kufarira kwake ruzivo rwepfungwa kwakaratidzwa mukushandura bhuku raGoethe rinonzi The Years of Science raWilhelm Meister uye basa raSchiller's Life. Kubva pamusana pekuda, akachera, kutanga, zvose zvakanyanyosimbiswa (Byronism).

Pakati pemabasa eKarlyle igamba, unhu hunoshamisa hunokunda simba rekuita basa rinokosha, pamusoro pezvose, tsika. Mukusimbisa zvinobatsira zvehutsika hwehutano hwegamba pamusoro pehunyanzvi, munhu anogona kuona simba rePuritanism. Kusiyana neizvi, Carlyle akabvumawo zvakashata anthropology yaNietzsche.

Mugumo Wekuvapo

Thomas Carlyle, uyo ane chithunzi chinowanikwa munyaya yacho, akafa musi waFebruary 5, 1881 muLondon. Mushure memutambo mukuru wekuendesa mberi, masasa ake akatumirwa kuScotland, kwaakavigwa mune rimwe remakuva nevabereki vake.

Thomas Carlyle: aphorism and quotations

Iye anozivikanwa zvikuru pamapapiro ake anosanganisira zvinotevera:

1. Pakutanga kuona, basa rose rinoshamisa rinoratidzika risingabviri.
2. Rudo haruna kufanana neupenzi, asi vane zvakawanda zvakafanana.
3. Pasina kumanikidzwa hapazovi nemadhamondi.
4. Munhu anoda kushanda asi asingakwanisi kuwana basa ndiyo inenge yakanyanya kusuruvara mamiriro ezvinhu akazotipa.
5. Isolation ndiyo chikonzero cheurombo hwevanhu.
6. Upfumi hwangu harusi izvo zvandinazvo, asi izvo zvandinoita.
7. Muzvinhu zvose zvinotangira kutanga nguva dzose nguva isingakanganwiki.
8. Egoism ndiyo inokonzera uye mugumisiro wezvikanganiso zvose uye kutambura.
9. Hapana munhu mukuru anorarama pasina. Nhoroondo yenyika ndeyoga mazita evanhu vakawanda.
10. Kutsungirira kunonyanya kutsungirira kushivirira.

Thomas Carlyle, uyo ane mashoko akazara neuchenjeri nekudzika, akasiyira tsanangudzo yakajeka munhoroondo yekufunga kwefilosofi.