Tatar-Mongol inopinda

Kutaura kweTatar-Mongol kuRussia kwakasiya chiratidzo chikuru munhoroondo yenyika. Kunyange ikozvino, mazana emakore gare gare, vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanoramba vachidzidza nguva iyi yakaoma, iyo huru maitiro aive varanda uye neropa. Ijoka refu rema Golden Horde rakanga riri chiitiko chakakosha chezvakaitika kare nokuti chakange chava nguva yemakore maviri nehafu. Kubatana kweTatar-Mongol kwakatanga muzana remakore rechi13, pakutanga kwayo. Hondo yekutanga pakati peRussia neMongolia yakaitika muna 1223 paKalka River. Mukurwisana uku, uto reRussia rakakundwa zvachose navanhu vemauto, uye machinda matanhatu eRussia akawira pakurwa.

Kutonga kweimwe kutenda uye tsika pamusoro penguva yakareba yakasara kwete chete zvakakosha munhoroondo yeRussia, asi zvakare yakagadzirisa humwe humwe hunoitika mberi. Chii chakanga chiri nyika yeRussia mumazuva iwayo? Zvakaitika sei kuti masango makuru akawira pasi pekutonga kwevatatari nevaMongolia? Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanoramba vachidzoka pakuongorora nyaya iyi uye vasingabvumi kubvumirana mune imwechete: kusada kweiyo hukuru hukuru hwekubatana mune imwe nyika ine simba yakavabvumira kuti zvive nyore kutora mazita emasvingo 'armada. Vatongi veTatar-Mongol, vasati vawana kushorwa kwakakwana, vakakwanisa kutora nzvimbo dzakakura dzeRussia.

Mumaguta makuru eRussia maiva nevanenge vanenge makumi maviri nemazana makumi maviri. Pakukomba, vaikwanisa kupa vasvika zviuru gumi zvombo zvehondo. Maguta akawanda akazvidziviririra ivo voga, nevashamisi, vachifambisa hondo, nhamba ye 60-70 mamiriyoni, pasina dambudziko mumazuva mashomanana chete akavatora, vachigadzirisa hurongwa hwavo kwose kwose.

Kutaura kweTatar-Mongol kwakakurumidza kuendesa kune chokwadi chokuti imwe yakarongeka yakagadzwa munharaunda yeRussia. Saka, somuenzaniso, machinda eRussia aigara achienda kune uta kuHorde ndokusiya vana vavo imomo sevasungwa. I Khans yakabudisa mabhuku akasiyana-siyana kumachinda, izvo zvaireva kuti pane imwe kodzero kune hutungamiri, iyo yakashanda kusvikira hafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechigumi nemana. Mukuwedzera, iyo khans yakamanikidza machinda eRussia, pakuraira kwavo kwekutanga, kutumira varwi vakanakisisa vehondo mumakambani. Machinda eRussia panguva iyoyo aingova vashandi veGold Horde.

Mumakore makumi mashanu ezana remakore rechi13, mutungamiri weTatar-Mongol weRussia, maererano nevanyori vezvakaitika kare, vakapindira kuhupfumi hwenyika. Bharina ane yakanakisisa yokuunganidza mari yekuteresa, yakakonzerwa nevashambadzi veMuslim, avo vainzi "bersermen". Vakabhadhara kodzero yavo yemitero kubva kumutongi, mutongi wenyika. Panguva iyoyo maiva nemapoka gumi nematanhatu emitero yakasiyana. Kutaura kweTatar-Mongol kwakaratidzwa nechiitiko chinonakidza, icho chaive mumusoro wekuti chete vafundisi vakasunungurwa kubva mukudzvora.

Muna 1262, vanhu vokuRussia vakapandukira vakadzinga vateresi uye munguva imwe chete pakanga pane kupesana kukuru pakati pe Golden Horde neMongolia Empire. Vatongi veGood Horde muRussia yekare vaidanwa kuti "madzimambo", sekuByzantium.

Kuenderera kweMongolia kweRussia uye shure kwayo kuchaongororwa kwemazana emakore nevanodzidza vezvakaitika kare, asi chero zvikonzero zvinopiwa, kusungwa kweimwe nyika nemumwe, kusimbiswa kwekumanikidzwa kwekutenda, tsika uye tsika hazvina kubatsira kunyange imwe nyika munhoroondo. Kuzviisa pasi kune rumwe rudzi kune imwe nguva kunotakura nekuparadza kwepasi pose uye kuderera kwehupfumi. Maererano nevamwe vanyori vezvakaitika kare, zvichida mune izvi hazvirevi kukura kwehupfumi hweRussia zvichizoenzaniswa nenyika dzakawanda dzekuMadokero. Munguva yemakore ekukunda, Russia yaiva pane imwe nzvimbo yakakwirira yekusimudzira mumagariro ezvematongerwe enyika kupfuura maMongol-Tatars, naizvozvo makore ekutapwa akava danho rinokosha shure. Pane humwe uchapupu hwokuti panguva iyoyo kusimbiswa kwemabasa akaoma kwakaguma, izvo zvisina mubvunzo zvakabatsira pakuderera. Maguta eRus akaparadzwa, uye zvitsva zvakanga zvisati zvavakwa, vagari vomunharaunda vakawira zvakanyanya, uye mune mamwe maguta nemisha upenyu hwakasamutswazve kwemazana emakore.

Vamwe vanyori venhoroondo vanofunga kuti kutonga kweTatar-Mongol kuRussia nemigumisiro yaro kwakaguma mazana emakore emugwagwa wekufambira kwenyika yedu, izvo, kungobuda kunze kwejoko, zvishoma nezvishoma zvakatanga kupora nekusimbisa. Masayendisiti anonyatsoziva kuti yakanga iri panguva iyi apo nheyo dzehumambo hwemambo weRussia dzakaiswa. Ndiyo matambudziko akakurudzira vanhu veRussia uye akaita kuti kuumbwa kwenheyo dzekuvaka hurumende hubatane.