Umambo hweAsiriya uye nhoroondo yayo

Umambo hwekutanga hweNyika Yekare hwaiva Asiria. Iyi nyika yakange iri pamepu yepasi kwemakore anoda kusvika 2 000 - kubva pamakore makumi maviri nemaviri kusvika kumazana manomwe BC, uye anenge 609 BC. E. Akarega kuvapo. Kutaura kwokutanga kweAsiriya kwakawanikwa muvanyori vekare, vakadai saHerodotus, Aristotle nevamwe. Uyewo umambo hweAsiria hunotaurwa mumamwe mabhuku eBhaibheri.

Geography

Umambo hweAsiriya hwaiva mumucheto wepamusoro weTigris uye wakatambanudza kubva kumucheto wezasi weCheche Zaba kumaodzanyemba kusvika kumakomo eZagrass kumabvazuva uye Masios Makomo kumadokero kwakadziva kumadokero. Mune nguva dzakasiyana dzehupenyu hwazvo hwaiva kune dzimwe nyika dzemazuva ano ehurumende, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Turkey, Syria, Cyprus neEgypt.

Nhoroondo yemakore emakore inozivikanwa kwete chete kuguta reushe hweAsiriya:

1. Ashur (guta guru rekutanga, raiva makiromita mazana maviri kubva kuBaghdad yemazuva ano).
2. Ekallatum (guta guru rekumusoro kweMesopotamiya, raiva pakati nepakati peTiger).
3. Ninivhe (yakanga iri munharaunda yeIraq yemazuva ano).

Historical times of development

Sezvo nhoroondo yeumambo hweAsiriya inotora nguva yakareba kwenguva, nguva yekuvapo kwayo inogadziriswa muzvikamu zvitatu:

• Ikare-yeAsiriya nguva - XX -XVI yezana remakore BC.
• Mid-Asiria nguva - XV-XI yezana BC.
• Umambo hutsva hweAsiriya - X-VII yezana remakore BC.

Chimwe nechimwe chepanguva yacho chaiva nechomukati nehupfumi hwematongerwo enyika, madzimambo kubva kumarudzi akasiyana akamira nesimba, nguva imwe neimwe inotevera yakatanga nekusimudza uye kutumbuka kweAsiriya statehood, kuchinja mune geography yeumambo uye kuchinja kune dzimwe nyika zvirongwa zvepamutemo.

Nguva Yekare yeAsiria

VaAsiria vakasvika munharaunda yeRwizi Yufratesi pakati pezana remakore rechi20. BC. E., Iyi madzinza akataura muchiAkkadian. Guta rekutanga ravakavaka raiva Ashur, rainzi zita raMwari.

Munguva iyi kwakanga kusina humwe hukama hweAsiria, saka, mutungamiri mukuru wepfuma ainzi Ashur, uyo aive mubatsiri weumambo hwaMitanya uye Kassite Babylonia. Zita rakachengetwa humwe husununguko mumamiriro ekunze emisha. Misha miduku miduku yekumaruwa, inotungamirirwa nevakuru, yaiva yeAshur basin. Guta racho rakakurumidza kukura zvakakwana nekuda kwaro rakabudirira nzvimbo yaro: kwaive kuburikidza naro iyo nzira dzokutengeserana dzakapfuura kubva kumaodzanyemba, kumadokero uye kumabvazuva.

Kutaura nezvemadzimambo anotonga munguva ino haagamuchirwi, sezvo vatongi vakanga vasina kodzero dzose dzezvematongerwe enyika hunoonekwa nevatakuri vemamiriro ezvinhu aya. Iyi nguva munhoroondo yeAsiriya yakasarudzwa nevanyori vezvakaitika kare kuti vashandise sezvinonzi prehistory yeumambo hweAsiriya. Kusati kwaitika kuAkad muzana remakore rechi20 CE BC. Ashur aive chikamu chazvo, uye pashure pokunge yanyangarika yakava yakasununguka kwenguva shoma, uye muzana remakore rechi21 BC chete. E. Yakatorwa neUri. Izvo chete mushure memakore mazana mana simba rinopfuurira kuvatongi - ashshurtsam, kubva panguva ino kukurumidza kukurumidza kwekutengeserana uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinotanga. Zvisinei, chigaro ichi mukati mehurumende hachina kugara kwenguva refu, uye makore zana gare gare, Ashur inorasikirwa kukosha kwayo seguta guru, uye mumwe wevanakomana vemutongi weShamsht-Adad anova gavhuna mairi. Nokukurumidza guta racho riri pasi pekutonga kwaMambo weBhabhironi Hammurabi, uye munenge muna 1720 BC. E. Kuderera kwechipfuuriro chehurumende yeAsiriya yakazvimirira inotanga.

Yechipiri nguva

Kubva muzana remakore reCIV BC Vakuru veAsiriya mune zvinyorwa zvepamutemo vagara vatumidzwa madzimambo. Uyezve, pavanodzokera kuna Farao weEgipita, vanoti "Hama yedu". Munguva iyi pane kushandiswa kwemauto ehurumende yenyika: kupinda kwenharaunda yenyika yevaHiti, inoparadza paumambo hweBhabhironi, mumaguta eFenicia neSiriya, uye muna 1290-1260. BC. E. Nzvimbo yakagadzirirwa umambo hweAsiriya yapfuura.

Kuwedzera kwetsva muAsiriya hondo dzekukunda dzakatanga pasi paMambo Tiglathpalasar, uyo akakwanisa kutora kuchamhembe kweSiria, Phenicia, uye chikamu cheAsia Minor; uyezve, tsar yaifamba kazhinji pazvikepe kuMediterranean kuti aratidze kukunda kwake pamusoro peEgipita. Mushure mekufa kweMambo-mukunde muhurumende, kupera kunotanga, uye madzimambo ose anotevera haakwanise kuchengetedza nyika dzakamboitwa kare. Umambo hweAsiriya hwakasimudzirwa kunyika dzaro. Zvinyorwa zvepanguva XI-X mazana emakore BC. E. Kwete kuchengetedzwa, izvo zvinoratidza kuderera.

Umambo Hutsva hweAsiria

Nzvimbo itsva pakusimudzirwa kweAsiriya yakatanga shure kwekunge vaAsiria vakakwanisa kubvisa madzinza echiAramaic akauya kumunda wavo. Ndiyo nyika yakasikwa munguva ino inonzi ndiyo yekutanga umambo munhoroondo yevanhu. Icho chinopera mudambudziko hweumambo hweAsiriya chakagamiswa nemadzimambo Adad-Nirari II uye Adid-Nirari III (iri pamwe naamai vake, Semiramis, kuti kuve kweimwe yezvishamiso zvinomwe zvenyika - Hanging Gardens) inosanganiswa. Zvinosuruvarisa, zvitatu zvinotevera tsars hazvigoni kurwisana nekurwisana nemuvengi wekunze - umambo hweUrtutu, uye akaita shanduro isingagoni kuverenga mukati, izvo zvakanyanyisa kuderedza nyika.

Asiria pasi peTiglapalasar III

Iko kukwira kwakasimba kweumambo kwakatanga munguva yaMambo Tigrastaar III. Kuva musimba mugore re745-727. BC. Eriya, akakwanisa kubata nyika dzePhenicia, Palestine, Siria, umambo hweDhamasiko, ndiyo nguva yekutonga kwake kuti hondo huru yehondo yakagadziriswa nehurumende yeUrtutu.

Nhanho yakanaka mune imwe nyika inogadziriswa nemafambiro ehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika. Nokudaro, tsar yakatanga kumanikidzira vagari vemo kubva kunyika dzakapambwa, pamwechete nemhuri uye pfuma, kunyika yake, iyo yakaita kuti kupararira kwechiAramaic muAsiriya yose. Mambo akagadzirisa dambudziko rekuparadzanisa mukati mekwenyika, achiparadzanisa nzvimbo huru muzvidiki zvishoma zvinotungamirirwa nehurumende, zvichidzivirira kuonekwa kwemasimba matsva. Uyezve, iyo tsar yakaita kuchinja kwehondo: hondo yakazara nemashure uye varwi vemashure yakagadziridzwa zvakare muuto wemauto evanhu nguva dzose, iyo yakagamuchira mibairo kubva parivigiro, maitiro matsva emashure akaiswa - varwi vemabhiza ose uye sappers, kunyatsoteerera kwakabhadharwa kusangano rekuchenjera nekutaurirana.

Kubudirira kwehondo mauto kwakabvumira Tiglatpalasar kuumba umambo hwakatambanudza kubva kuPersian Gulf kusvika kuMediterranean, uye kunyange kuve korona saMambo weBhabhironi - Pula.

Urartu - umambo (Transcaucasia), iyo yakakunda vatongi veAsiria

Umambo hweUrtutu hwakanga huri munharaunda yeArmenian Highlands uye wakagara munharaunda yeArmenia yemazuva ano, kumabvazuva kweTurkey, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweIran uye Nakhchivan Azerbaijan Republic. Iheyday yenyika yaiva pamagumo echitanhatu - pakati pezana remakore rechina BC, hondo neushe hweAsiriya zvakabatsira kuderera kweUrtutu.

Mushure mekugamuchira chigaro choumambo mushure mekufa kwababa vake, Mambo Tiglathpalasar III akaedza kudzorera hurumende yake kutonga nzira dzekutengeserana dzeAsia Minor. Muna 735 BC. E. Mukurwisana kwakakosha kumhenderekedzo yekumadokero yeYufratesi, vaAsiriya vakakwanisa kukunda hondo yeUrtu uye vachifambira mberi mukati meumambo. Monarch Urartu Sarduri akatiza uye munguva pfupi akafa, hurumende yaive mune imwe nyika yaisuruvara. Mutori wenhaka yake, Rus I, akakwanisa kugadzirisa kwenguva pfupi naAsiriya, iyo yakakurumidza kuputswa namambo weAsiria Sarigoni II.

Kutora ruzivo rwekuti Urartu yakaderedzwa nekukundwa kwakagamuchirwa kubva kumarudzi evaCimmerians, Sargon II muna 714 BC. E. Yakaparadza uto reUrtian, uye, nokudaro, Urartu nemadzimambo ayo akavimbika aiva pasi pekutonga kweAsiria. Mushure mezviitiko izvi, Urartu yakarashika kukosha kwayo pasi pose.

Mutemo wemadzimambo ekupedzisira eAsiriya

Mutori wenhaka kuna Tiglathpalasar III aisagona kubata mumaoko ake umambo hwakagadzwa kuburikidza naye, uye nekufamba kwenguva Bhabhironi rakazivisa kusununguka kwake. Mambo akazotevera, Sarigoni II, mutemo wake wekunze kune imwe nyika akanga asingangogumiri kuva neumambo hweUrtutu chete, akakwanisa kudzoka Bhabhironi pasi pekutonga kweAsiria uye akashongedzwa korona saMambo weBhabhironi, uye akakwanisa kubvisa kupesana kwose kuri kuitika munharaunda yeumambo.

Kutonga kweSinakhherib (705-680 BC) kwakaratidzwa nekurwisana kwamambo nguva dzose nevapristi uye vanhu vomumaguta. Panguva yekutonga kwake, mambo wekare weBhabhironi akaedza zvakare kudzorera simba rake, izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi chekuti Sinakhherib ishande zvakanyanya nevaBhabhironi ndokuparadza zvachose Bhabhironi. Kusagutsikana nemitemo yeTsar kwakaita kuti kuve nesimba kwehurumende uye, semugumisiro, kupesana kwekumuka, dzimwe nyika dzakadzokerazve kuzvimirira, uye Urartu yakawanazve nharaunda dzinoverengeka. Mutemo wakadaro wakatungamirira pakuurawa kwamambo.

Mushure mekuwana simba, mugari wenhaka weMambo akaurayiwa Asarhaddon akatanga kutora kudzorerwa kweBhabhironi uye nekugadzirisa ukama nevapristi. Nezvematongerwe enyika, tsar yakakwanisa kudzosera kuparadza kweCimmerians, kudzivisa kupesana neAsiriya kuFenicia uye kuita rwendo rwakabudirira kuenda kuEgypt, izvo zvakaita kuti kutapwa kwaMemfis uye kukwira kuenda kuumambo hweEgipita, asi tsar haana kukwanisa kuramba ichikunda nekuda kwekusafungirwa kufa.

Mambo wekupedzisira weAsiria

Mambo wekupedzisira akasimba weAsiriya akanga ari Ashurbanipal, anozivikanwa semutongi akakodzera kwazvo weAsiriya nyika. Ndiye iye uyo muimba yake yamambo akaunganidza raibhurari yakasiyana yezvimedu zvevhu. Nguva yekutonga kwake yakaratidzirwa nekurwisana nguva dzose ne vassal states, avo vanoda kuti vadzorezve kuzvimirira. Asiria munguva iyi yakarwisana neumambo hwaEramu, iyo yakatungamirira kukundwa kwakakwana kwekupedzisira. Ijipiti neBhabhironi vaida kudzokerazve kuzvimiririra kwavo, asi semhaka yekukakavadzana kwakakundikana. Ashurbanipal akabudirira kuparadzira simba rake pamusoro peRidhia, Media, Frygia, nekukunda Thebes.

Kuparadzwa kweushe hweAsiriya

Rufu rwaAshurbanipal rwakateya nheyo dzekutambudzika. Asiria yakakundwa neumambo hweMedhia, Bhabhironi rakawana rusununguko. Masangano akabatanidzwa evaMedhia uye vashandi vavo muna 612 BC. E. Guta guru reumambo hweAsiria, Ninivhi, rakaparadzwa. Mugore ra605 BC. E. Pasi peKarikemishi mugari wenhaka yeBhabhironi, Nebhukadhinezari, akakunda mauto ekupedzisira eAsiria, saka umambo hweAsiriya hwakaparadzwa.

Nhoroondo inokosha yeAsiriya

Umambo hwekare hweAsiriya hwakasara shure kwezvizhinji zvemitambo uye zviitiko zvekare. Kusvikira ikozvino, vazhinji vanochera-mhuka vakaponeswa nemifananidzo kubva muupenyu hwemadzimambo uye vanokudzwa, zvifananidzo zvitanhatu zvemamera ane mapapiro, makeramic akawanda uye zvishongo.

Mupiro mukuru mukukudziridzwa kwezivo pamusoro peNyika Yekare yakagadzirwa neraibhurari ine mahwendefa makumi emakumi matatu evhu Ashurbanipal, uko ruzivo rwemishonga, nyeredzi, uye unyanzvi hwakaunganidzwa, uye kunyange Mafashamo Makuru akataurwa.

Pamusoro wepamusoro-soro yekugadzirwa kwaiva inguvo - vaAsiriya vakakwanisa kuvaka goroti nemvura yakadzika yakafara mamita 13 uye urefu hwemasita zviuru zvitatu.

VaAsiriya vakakwanisa kuumba rimwe remauto akasimba ezuva ravo, vakange vakashonga ngoro, makondohwe, mapfumo, muhondo varwi vakashandiswa imbwa dzakadzidziswa, hondo yakanga yakagadzirirwa zvakanaka.

Mushure mokuwa kweAsiriya, Bhabhironi rakava mugari wenhaka yemakore emakore-akabudirira kubudirira.