Chii chakasiyana pamusoro nguva Catherine 2? nhoroondo asian

Chena chando chando mangwanani 12 February 1744 pasina kuenda napasuo muganhu Riga, pamusoro munharaunda Russian Empire yakatamira chacho pamwe nevakadzi vaviri. Mumwe wavo aiva mudzimai wamambo German Muchinda Anhalt-Zerbst - Johanna Elizabeth. Next kwaari akagara gumi gore mwanasikana wake wekare, Sophia Augusta Frederika Angalt-Zerbst - yemberi Russian Empress uye autocrat Catherine 2, vachiwana mabasa avo Great rokuremekedza. Zita mukadzi uyu kwakabatana mumwe chakajeka mapeji nhoroondo yenyika.

Russia nhaka

Nguva yokutonga Catherine 2 rakatanga youmambo pachigaro nechisimba 28 June 1762, izvo zvakazoita zuro mwero uye akangwara German wamambo, uyo akapiwa zita kubva Orthodoxy, Catherine, akatora nzvimbo yake zvikuru vasingadzikurudzire mudzimai Emperor Peter III.

Sezvinoratidzwa pane netsamba dzake Ekaterina 2, Russia, nhaka kubva wake aimbova Empress Elizabeth, aida zvikuru zvinhu nenzira yose youpenyu. Varwi haana aibhadhara muhoro, nekuti chezvipo akanga aneta zvikuru. Kushaya zvakakodzera sangano veruzhinji nemauto kwakaita kuti nokuderera kutengeserana sezvo indasitiri wayo chikuru rave zvakashandiswa.

matambudziko akakomba vakanga vakachengeta muchiuto uye wengarava madhipatimendi. Zvikuru akaita pacharo vainzwa, uye uori pakati vakuru vakuru vehurumende, avo vakatora zvose kubva guru kukura gore negore. Chiokomuhomwe vakabata edzimhosva, asi mitemo vakanga chete idzodzo zviitiko apo zvakanga zvinobatsira akapfuma uye nesimba vanhu.

Mutsindo inofananidza nenguva Catherine Guru

Sezvo yokutungamirira chemhando chinzvimbo, Catherine akanga 2 inokosha chaizvo unhu - kukwanisa kubata chero vakachenjera pfungwa, uye ipapo dzika nokuda kwezvinangwa zvavo. Vanhu vakange chikamu kwake boka racho, Empress akatora yakavakirwa zvavo nyanzvi unhu, pasina kutya matarenda uye rakajeka vanhu. Nokuda yaitonga ichi rokutonga Catherine 2 chakaratidza chidzoke munhu wose renyeredzi ane vezvematongerwo, vatungamiriri vehondo, vanyori, vaimbi uye vaimbi. Ndiyo ezvinhu zvakasikwa iyi, akabatsira kwazvo kuwadzanyurika mano avo.

Nokusingaperi munhoroondo Russia nhamba dzakadaro nguva Catherine 2 sezvo vemauto A. V. Suvorov uye P. Rumyantsev, vanyori, uye Di Fonvizin A. Radishchev, Karamzin wenhoroondo uye nyanduri - the mugadzi pamusoro A. S. Pushkina - G. Derzhavin. Next kwavari tinofanira kutaura avo vamire kwakatangira Russian marimba tsika - kunyora, mudzidzisi uye kondakita Dmitry Bortniansky, chinoshamisa violinist Ivan Khandoshkin, uyewo muvambi Russian National Opera AV Pashkevich.

Chirongwa chiito

Nhoroondo nguva Catherine 2 yakaumbwa pachishandiswa mabasa, kuwanda izvo Empress akataura pachake sezvinotevera:

1. Vanofanira kuedza chose kuti kudzidzisa rudzi, izvo iye akadonha kudzora.
2. Kuronga upenyu paruzhinji, zvinokosha kuti afuridzire voruzhinji kuremekedza huripo mitemo.
3. Kuti tirambe womukati hurongwa mamiriro zvakakosha kusika munhu mapurisa rokusanganira zvakafanira zvose zvinodiwa.
4. Zvakakodzera kubatsira pavapenyu hwenyika uye zvakawanda izvozvo.
5. Ko zvakazara kuvandudza kurwa kugona weuto, uye nokudaro simudza chiremera Russia paaitarisana mamwe anoti.

Mavambo Implementation zvirongwa

The ichikosha wose Catherine 2 aiva nguva Implementation izvi zvakarongwa. The akatevera gore pashure kuuya nesimba, kuti Empress akaita chinozoiswa neDare kuchinja aizonatsiridza zvikuru kunyatsoshanda kwezvirongwa yaitonga. Somugumisiro kuchinja kwakaitwa basa simba, neDare, muzvikamu 6 madhipatimendi nomumwe, uye akarasikirwa kudzora mamiriro midziyo basa, akava soro nezvakatongwa uye administrative masangano.

The zvenyika yenyika chechi

Zvinozivikanwa kuti Russia paitonga Catherine 2 akava pachimiro pamwero mukuru danidziro kubviswa (secularism) uye vagotendeuka kuva hurumende pavane munyika chechi. Kudiwa izvozvo kusangana asi zvakawanda mhinduro munharaunda, kwakakonzerwa ne chido unotofanira kuzadza hurumende bhajeti dhefisiti.

Somugumisiro matanho akatorwa chabviswa 500 dzemamongi, izvo akabvumira kutamira hurumende varidzi mamiriyoni 1 serfs. Nokuda kwaizvozvo, takatanga kugamuchira mari nouchapupu kuti muchivigiro. Munguva pfupi hurumende kubhadhara chikwereti pamberi mauto uye vakakwanisa kuderedza uchitikurudzira zvoupfumi. Mumwe mugumisiro izvi akanga chinokosha kwakaderera pokudzora chechi upenyu rokunyika vanhu.

Kuedza pamutemo zvinhu

Catherine ichikosha 2 anonziwo kwakaratidzwa achiedza kusimudza mumwe LEVEL mudziyo ndihwo upenyu Russia rwomukati. Empress aidavira kuti vakawanda pokusaruramisira munyika vanogona kukurira nzira yepamutemo, wakati akakudziridza mitemo akasangana zvido zvose strata munzanga. Akanga vaifunga kutsiva zvisingachashandi remakore Council Code of chamber Alexei Mikhailovich, vakagamuchirwa muna 1649.

Nokuti Kuziva nemimba muna 1767 zvakanzi akasika Legislative Commission, zvinosanganisira 572 vevatariri yokumiririra kwamachinda, vatengesi uye Cossacks. basa rake riri vaisanganisira uye Empress. Zvavakanga vainyatsoongorora mabasa Western nevafungi, raiva gwaro rinonzi "Instructions pamusoro Catherine", zvinosanganisira zvitsauko 20 muzvikamu 526 nyaya.

Mariri akasimbisa kudiwa vanhu vakaderera nemamiriro ehurumende uye kwezvisikwa ezvinhu mairi, ichipa yakasimba autocratic simba. Mukuwedzera, vakawanda nyaya yakanyorerwa, zvose zviri pamutemo uye dzavasinei nadzo tsika. Zvinosuruvarisa mabasa izvi hazviiti kuunza inotarisirwa zvabuda. Pashure pemakore maviri, Komisheni akatadza kukudziridza zvakakodzera mitemo, nokuti nhengo dzawo dzose dzakanga kungwarira chete uzkososlovnyh zvavanofarira uye neropafadzo.

miganhu weboka hurumende kuchinja

Zvinokosha kutaura chimwe chirongwa chinokosha kuti atora Catherine 2. Nguva absolutism munyika dzose dzenyika yakanga dzinoratidzwa centralized simba aoma. Nokuti ayo tibudirire vatevedzere zviri Russian Empress payo rakatanga muna 1775 mutsva administrative weboka mamiriro.

Kubvira zvino nharaunda yose nyika yaiva 50 enyika, 300-400 zviuru. Residents nerimwe, izvo zvaizoitawo rakakamurwa mumaruwa rine vanhu 20 kusvika 30 zviuru. Man. Izvi zvakabatsira kwete chete kuva kudzora upenyu vose, kunyange kure nzvimbo munyika, asiwo chizvidavirire yakarurama yokubhadhara mutero-kugeza, kureva, vanhu vari pasi mitero.

Kuwedzera neropafadzo kwamachinda

Catherine Period 2 yakanga yakanaka kwazvo nguva kuti Russian kwamachinda. Muna 1785 ndakaona asunungurwe gwaro kugadzirwa Empress, uye vakagamuchira zita "Charter kuna vakakwirira." Kwakavakirwa yakatarwa iyi ropafadzo wakabudiswa muchimiro mutemo, vamiririri yokumusoro kirasi akamira kubvira vamwe vanhu kunze nehasha.

Vari avimbiswa kubhadhara mitero uye kwairayirwa hurumende basa, sezvo akasvinudza kubva panguva Petro 1. mhosva uye vehurumende kacho pasi kufunga imwe vanokudzwa dare, uye vakarambidzwa kushandisa koporo chirango. Maererano Empress, chaifanira kuita kuti yokupedza pakati vanokudzwa zvepfungwa ravaranda uye dzidzo nokuzviremekedza.

Empress - enlightener vanhu

Russia iri nguva Catherine 2 akaita hombe danho munzira dzidzo yenyika. Somugumisiro, rinotevera kuchinja mamiriro akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze muupenyu ezvinhu zvesekondari. Mukati framework yayo yose Russia akatanga kushandisa zvinoverengeka masangano dzidzo, pakati pavo musha dzidzo kwamachinda uye dzomumaguta zvikoro uyewo pakuchengetedzwa Noble rweVasikana. Mukuwedzera, mupurovhinzi vasiri wemunda biennial-gore mana County uye guta zvikoro zvakapararira. Somugumisiro, kukura nzira yokudzidzisa anoranga siyana dzakanga dzatangwa chakajairika kudzidzisa zvirongwa.

Nguva Catherine dzidzo 2 asingakanganwiki sezvo pakusikwa kwevakadzi dzidzo hurongwa. Kuvamba yakanga yaitwa muna Panovhurwa St. Petersburg muna 1764 Smolny Institute for Noble rweVasikana uye nokusika nokuda kwavo Educational Society. Kubva zvino, wechiduku noblewoman akanga kwete chete neImba mitauro inoverengeka vatorwa asi kudzidza zvakasiyana-siyana zvedzidzo anoranga.

Paitonga Catherine 2 Russian Academy of Sciences, achifumira kune kumboitika kuzvikomo, iye akatora aitungamirira chinzvimbo muEurope. Physics rabhoritari uye Observatory, rimwe botanical bindu uye cabinet pamusoro curiosities, nokupatsanura uye yakakura mumaraibhurari vakasikwa yawo hwaro. Saka, tsika nguva Catherine 2 hwakavaka hwakasimba umbowo pakuzadzisa pfungwa yesayenzi muRussia.

mabasa akanaka Empress

Apo Catherine 2, kodzero akawana musoro Great, kwava nokufambira mberi mune zvose zvoupenyu. Sezvineiwo kwakawedzera yevanhu munyika, inova testamendi huru kuvandudza upenyu vemo. Somugumisiro, kwave kune mazana mumaguta matsva nemisha. The zvisati tichimhanya racho kukura vatopiwa bhizimisi uye zvokurima, zvokuti Russia pakutanga rakatanga Export zviyo. Izvi zvose akapa kuwedzera zveminda, izvo akabvumira kuwedzera coffers of 4 nguva.

Zita Empress, uye dzine chokuita nezviitiko zviviri zvinokosha Russian nhoroondo sezvo nechitarisiko bepa mari uye mavambo kubaya pamusoro nechibhokisi, pamwe Catherine, kuti muenzaniso kune vamwe, wokutanga vakabvumira kuti pachavo nhomba. Sezvo kudzivirira ichi chirwere chakaipisisa, kukudyira zviuru zvevanhu, kwave inoitwa nguva dzose.

Kuwedzera munharaunda Russia

Chisingarambiki zvemashoko Catherine Guru, uye kuwedzera miganhu yacho. Mumakore ake okutonga hondo dzairwiwa kaviri pamwe hweOttoman Empire (1768-1774 uye 1787-1791 gg.). Somugumisiro okukunda Russian aigona kupa munhu nzira yokubudisa kuGungwa Black, uye anosanganisira aro Zvinoumba kundima, rinozivikanwa Little Russia. Iyi yaisanganisira Crimea, Northern Black Sea Coast, uye Kuban nharaunda. Muna 1783, Russia akatora pasi ake chizvarwa rokuGeorgia.

Catherine ichikosha 2 rave semisoro zviitiko chokuita partition kwePoland. Somugumisiro basa vaimbopota kwakaitika 1772, 1793 uye 1795 mune Russian apiwa vakapinda nyika akabviswa naye zvekare mumazuva-Lithuanian Polish nechisimba. Izvi zvinosanganisira Western Belarus, Volhynia, Lithuania uye Courland.

Nokusimbaradza serfdom

Panguva iyoyo zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti paitonga Catherine 2 chakaratidza neyokuti kunaka chakajairika sezvo yakakura uranda vanhuwo zvavo. Pasinei chokwadi kuti, kuva munhu chinoziva mafungiro uye panguva European sandara, zvinotaura Empress ainzwisisa harmfulness pamusoro serfdom, uye kunyange basa racho rwabviswa, iye akamanikidzwa pasi ane tsika hwakagadzwa kwemazana emakore.

Kare mumazuva ake ushe mangwanani, Catherine chirevo yaida varimi kwakakwana uye kwokuteerera kwakakwana kune landlords. Kana akatora pamwero zvakawanda hombe tsika kugovera nyika kurarama pamusoro pavo vanhuwo zvavo pachavo vaaida, uyewo rokukurudzira kusiyana rinoitirwa.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, izvozvo akasungirirwa, uye chimiro vanoparadza vanhuwo zvavo. It chikazozikamwa, zvikurukuru, kuti vaya akabhadhara muridzi rendi (izvo dzaiwanzova vagari kuchamhembe kumatunhu Russia, apo kurima riri va neudhadha), mhosva mheto mbiri. Panguva iyoyo zvakanga akarwarisa mamiriro ezvinhu varimi vari vanosungirwa kuzadzisa corvee pamusoro yagara Estates. Kana vasati basa ravo aihuitira mazuva matatu pavhiki, zvino mutemo uyu yabviswa, uye zvose zvaizokonzerwa pamusoro zvemasanga hondo.

Kwomusikirwo kudzvinyirira zvakafanana vaiva kumukirana, akaputsa kubva nguva nenguva munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana munyika, remasangano chakanga Pugachev vapanduke kuti akafukidza Urals uye Volga nharaunda munguva 1773-1775.

epilogue

Ndapedza tridtsatichetyrohletny ake paitonga ari Empress zvapfuura November 17, 1796. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kugumisa mune Russian nguva romuzinda nokumukirana. Ekaterina 2 akasiya mugari wenhaka - mwanakomana wake Paul, korona April 16, 1797 uye anopondwa unoranganawo muna 4 makore.