Mhindumupindu paleontological uchapupu. Nhoroondo youpenyu Panyika

Kudzidzisa pamusoro shanduka ndiko nharo. Vamwe vanodavira kuti Mwari akasika nyika. Vamwe nharo navo, achiti kuti Darwin zvakanaka. Vanotaura zvakawanda uchapupu-shanduka paleontological vanotsigira zvikuru zvakasimba dzidziso yake.

Zvakasaririra mhuka uye zvinomera, muitiro anoora, uye ipapo inonyangarika pasina zvikasawanirwa. Zvisinei, dzimwe nguva zvicherwa kutsiva zvipenyu rinenge zvichiguma nokuumbwa zvisaririra. Masayendisiti anowanzonzi akawana zvisaririra zvemhuka anoshongwa kana mapfupa, kureva, marangwanda, yakaoma mativi zvipenyu. Dzimwe nguva vanoona zvisaririra tsvina mhuka, kana avo kungoda zveminwe. Kunyange zvakawanda kashoma vanogona kuona mhuka zvachose. Ivo vanowanikwa aizi yacho permafrost uye rinopenya (nebwe miti yekare) kana Asphalt (dzinongoitika nebwe).

Science paleontology

Palaeontology - sayenzi kuti inodzidza zvisaririra. Sedimentary matombo kazhinji rakachengetedzwa akaturikidzana, nokuti chii zvakadzika akaturikidzana ane ruzivo pamusoro yakapfuura redu (superposition musimboti). Masayendisiti vanokwanisa kuona hama zera zvisaririra siyana, kuti ndiko kunzwisisa wakadii zvipenyu akararama panyika pamberi, uye gare gare. Izvi zvinoita kuti vafunga pamusoro kutungamirirwa shanduka.

Chinyorwa

Kana tikatarisa chinyorwa, tinoona kuti upenyu panyika pano nechakatsinhiwa zvikuru, dzimwe nguva kupfuura kukudzwa. First majemusi (prokaryotes), hauna cellular neerekitironi akasimuka Pasi anenge mabhiriyoni 3,5 akapfuura. Makore anenge mabhiriyoni 1.75 apfuura, paiva chete-celled eukaryotes. Pashure pemakore bhiriyoni, anenge mamiriyoni 635 apfuura, mhuka zvipuka zvine masero akawanda yakaonekwa, okutanga yakazova chipanji. Pashure mashomanana emamiriyoni makore, okutanga clams nehonye zvakawanikwa. Pashure pemakore miriyoni 15 pashure kuti paiva yakasarira vertebrates, lampreys akafanana ano. Around mamiriyoni 410 apfuura ikoko jawed hove, uye tumbuyu - makore anenge mamiriyoni 400 apfuura.

Mumakore akatevera 100 MYR kunyanya ferns akafukidza nyika, yakanga nevakabva amphibians nezvipembenene. With 230 makore mamiriyoni 65 apfuura, dinosaurs vakatonga nyika, uye zvadaro rakajairika zvirimwa vaiva Cycads uye zvimwe gymnosperms boka. The pedyo nguva yedu, chikuru kufanana vakachengeta pakati Zvisaririra fauna of uye kasvisto kuti ano. mufananidzo uyu anosimbisa dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka. Other tsanangudzo nesayenzi iye haana.

Pane siyana paleontological uchapupu shanduka. Mumwe wavo - kuwedzera DURATION kuvapo kwemhuri uye genera.

Kuwedzera hurefu kwemhuri uye genera

Maererano iripo data, vanopfuura 99% yezvinhu zvipenyu zvose zvipenyu kuti akararama nokusingaperi panyika - zviri yakatotsakatika mhando kuti havana kurarama kusvikira nguva yedu. Masayendisiti zvinorondedzerwa vanenge zviuru 250. Coal, chimwe nechimwe anowanikwa chete muna mumwe kana kupfuura pedyo akaturikidzana. Kutonga Data yaunganidzwa paleontologists, mumwe nomumwe wavo paiva makore anenge mamiriyoni 2-3, asi vamwe yakareba kana ndoda.

Huwandu Zvisaririra genera rakarondedzerwa nemasayendisiti, anenge 60 zviuru, uye mhuri - 7000. mhuri dzose nemhuri ose, akavapindurawo, ane makopi yakajeka. Masayendisiti akawana kuti kubereka kumusha vakawanda mamiriyoni emakore. Kana mhuri, nguva chokuvapo kwavo vanofungidzirwa makumi kana kunyange mazana emamiriyoni kwemakore.

Kuongororwa paleontological mashoko anoratidza kuti kare mamiriyoni 550 apfuura, ya nokuvapo mhuri uye genera rakura zvishoma nezvishoma. Izvi zvinogona zvakanaka kutsanangura dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka, zvishoma nezvishoma uchingounganidza ari biosphere dzakawanda "akaomarara" kugadzikana boka zvipenyu. Ivo kashoma kuenda yakatotsakatika sezvo zvakawanda nemishonga dzezvakatipoteredza kuchinja.

Pane humwe uchapupu hwokuti shanduka (paleontology). Yokuronda kuparadzira zvipenyu, masayendisiti ave anonakidza zvikuru mashoko.

kuparadzirwa zvinenge

Kupiwa nomumwe mapoka zvipenyu, uyewo vose akaisa pamwe chete, uyewo inosimbisa shanduka. Chete yaDarwin vanogona kutsanangura kugarwa kwavo panyika. Somuenzaniso, chero boka zvisaririra vakawana "evlolyutsionnye pamisara." Saka akadana incremental kuchinja kuchengetwa sechivako zvipenyu, izvo zvishoma nezvishoma kutsiva mumwe. kuchinja izvi kazhinji hunoita kunangidzirwa, mune zvimwe zviitiko tinogona kutaura zvakawanda kana zvishoma anongoitika nokufamba.

Kuvapo zvenguva siyana

Vakawanda paleontological uchapupu mhindumupindu zvinosanganisira kuvapo zvenguva (Transitional) mhando zvipenyu. Utachiona kwakadaro sangana pachiratidzo akasiyana kwemarudzi kana genera, mhuri uye zvichingodaro. D. Achitaura Transitional siyana, somunhu mutemo, zvinosanganisira Zvisaririra. Zvisinei, izvi hazvirevi kuti zvenguva kwemarudzi vanofanira kufa kunze. Dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka kwakavakirwa pavakwe phylogenetic muti inofanotaura ndiani Transitional siyana yaivako zvechokwadi (uye saka anogona kuonekwa), uye chii - kwete.

Pari, vazhinji kufembera ava zvechokwadi. Somuenzaniso, anoziva maumbirwo shiri uye nezvinokambaira, vatsvakurudzi anogona kuona zviri ane zvenguva fomu pakati pavo. Zvinokwanisika kuwana zvisaririra zvemhuka, kufanana zvinokambaira, asi nemapapiro; kana seshiri, asi aine miswe mirefu kana mazino. Saka zvinoita kuti kufanotaura kuti Transitional siyana pakati mhuka uye shiri haangatenderi kuonekwa. Somuenzaniso, kumbovapo mhuka yakanga minhenga; kana sezvinoita shiri zvipenyu pamwe pakati nzeve mapfupa (izvi maitire mhuka).

Kuwanikwa Archeopteryx

By paleontological uchapupu shanduka zvinosanganisira wandei dzinonakidza zvakawanikwa. Wokutanga Archeopteryx marangwanda nhengo kwemarudzi yakawanikwa vachiri musi mushure chinyorwa naCharles Darwin basa "The Origin of Species." Basa iri rinopa yokungotaura uchapupu shanduka mhuka uye zvinomera. Archeopteryx inzira zvenguva pakati zvinokambaira neshiri. Plumage zvakanzi dzakabudirira, izvo kwese shiri. Zvisinei, kuti marangwanda nemamiriro mhuka iri rinenge hapana kusiyana dinosaurs. Archeopteryx aiva refu mhou muswe, mazino, pamusoro maoko nemakumbo ayo pamberi vaiva nenzara. Kana zviri marangwanda hunhu shiri, haana kuva nazvo zvikuru (wishbone, pamusoro kumicheto - pachirauro spines). Gare gare, masayendisiti akawana mamwe siyana, zvenguva pakati zvinokambaira neshiri.

Achicherechedza marangwanda yokutanga yevanhu

By paleontological uchapupu mhindumupindu anosanganisira kuonekwa uye muna 1856 ari marangwanda vokutanga. chiitiko ichi chakaitika mukati 3 years pamberi Bhuku "The Origin of Species." Masayendisiti haana kuziva bhuku vamwe Zvisaririra goho pfungwa, izvo zvinogona kusimbisa kuti chimupanze uye vanhu vakabva kubva kuzitateguru. Kubvira ipapo paleontologists vakawana vakawanda marangwanda ezvinhu zvipenyu zviri Transitional siyana pakati chimupanze uye vanhu. Zvakakosha paleontological uchapupu shanduka. Mienzaniso vamwe vavo zvichakurukurwa pazasi.

Transitional siyana pakati chimupanze uye vanhu

Charles Darwin (asian ake anopiwa pamusoro), zvinosuruvarisa asingazivi nezvezvinhu zvakawanda anowana yakawanikwa pashure porufu rwake. Zvichida, zvingava zvinofadza kuziva kuti uchapupu makemikari shanduka kuzosimbisa dzidziso yake. Maererano naye, sezvo tichiziva, isu tose zvizvarwa tsoko. Sezvo guva tateguru chimupanze uye vanhu akafamba makumbo mana, uye ayo kukura uropi hakurevi kusapfuudza kukura chimupanze kwouropi, mukufamba shanduka, maererano nerondedzero yacho, kwaiva pakupedzisira kuva bipedalism. Uyezve, bhuku uropi kwaiva ngazviwedzerwe. Saka, hako kuva mumwe dzakasiyana matatu Transitional chimiro:

• Uropi guru, bipedalism undeveloped;
• dzakasimukira bipedalism, uropi kukura sezvo chimupanze;
• dzichiri bipedalism, vhoriyamu uropi chinhu zvenguva.

Zvakasaririra Australopithecus

In Africa, muna 1920. dzasara nhengo akawanikwa, rave ainzi Australopithecus. zita iri rakapiwa kwaari Raymond Dart. Ndiyo imwe uchapupu shanduka. Biology yave vaunganidza mashoko dzinoverengeka zvakafanana zvakawanikwa. Gare gare, masayendisiti vawana Zvisaririra nezvimwe zvisikwa, kusanganisira nenjiva AL 444-2 uye yakakurumbira Lucy (aimiririra pamusoro).

Australopithecus vaigara kuchamhembe uye kumabvazuva Africa, kubvira 4 kusvika mamiriyoni 2 years ago. Vaiva zvishoma hombe uropi vhoriyamu kupfuura chimupanze. Mamiriro avo mapfupa pelvic vaiva pedyo nevanhu. Skull pamusoro mamiriro hunhu mhuka bipedal. Izvi zvinogona pakutsvaga yaivapo buri occipital mapfupa unobatanidza kuti musana Canal cranial mhango. Uyezve, Petrified kuputika dota muTanzania kwakawanikwa Makwara "munhu" vakanga vasara anenge mamiriyoni 3,6 akapfuura. Saka Australopithecines vari zvenguva chimiro pamusoro marudzi wechipiri. Brain vane anenge kufanana chimupanze, kwakasimbiswa bipedalism.

Zvakasaririra Ardipithecus

Gare gare, masayendisiti akawana mutsva paleontological anowana. Mumwe wavo - dzasara Ardipithecus, vaigara anenge mamiriyoni 4,5 akapfuura. Aongorora marangwanda kwayo, vakawana kuti Ardipithecus zvinokambaira panyika pamusoro makumbo maviri hadzi, uyewo kukwira miti vose mana. Vaiva havaratidzi dzakabudirira bipedalism pamusoro Zvakazoitwa mhando hominids (Australopithecus uye vanhu). Ardipithecus aisagona kufamba pamusoro madaro marefu. Ivo Transitional chimiro pakati vanhuwo tateguru chimupanze uye vanhu uye Australopithecus.

Dzakawanda uchapupu kwakawanikwa yemhindumupindu kwevanhu. Taitaura chete nezvevamwe vavo. Pahwaro mashoko awanika, masayendisiti ane pfungwa sei hominids zvakachinja pamusoro nguva.

Kushanduka hominids

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kusvikira zvino vazhinji havasi achiudzwa uchapupu shanduka. A tafura mashoko nezvemavambo murume, uko kunomiririrwa ose chikoro bhuku zvipenyu, zviri haunted nevanhu, zvichiita vakawanda kusawirirana. Zvinoita here zvinosanganisira mashoko ichi pachikoro hweutungamiri? Vana vanofanira kudzidza uchapupu shanduka? The tafura rine familiarization hunhu, hunotomugumbura. avo vanodavira kuti munhu akasikwa naMwari. Zvisinei, ratinoparidza ruzivo pamusoro Kushanduka hominids. Iwe woongorora sei kurapa nayo.

Pane dzidziso pamusoro hominids rokutanga akarurama muchifamba rakaumbwa, uye bhuku uropi yavo yekudyidzana kwakawedzera zvikuru gare gare. Australopithecus, akararama makore mamiriyoni 4-2 apfuura, paiva 400 CC, potse sezvinoita chimupanze. Shure kwavo muchimiro redu rinogarwa Homo habilis. Found mapfupa ake, ane zera vanofungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni 2 nemakore, akawana mamwe rekare ibwe Ezvemutauro. Inenge 500-640 CC raiva rakakura muuropi hwake. Gare gare mukufamba shanduka pakava kushanda murume. uropi hwake achiri kurei. Inzwi rayo raiva 700-850 CC. Mangwana mhando, Homo erectus, kunyange zvakawanda sezvinoita ano munhu. The Vhoriyamu uropi vanofungidzirwa 850-1100 CC. Zvino rudzi Heidelberg murume. saizi yake uropi yasvika 1100-1400 CC. Kwakazotevera Neanderthals vaiva uropi Vhoriyamu 1200-1900 cm³. Homo sapiens yakatanga 200 zviuru. Makore akapfuura. It kunoratidzwa uropi saizi 1000-1850 CC.

Saka, tine akapa huru uchapupu shanduka ari makemikari nyika. Sei dzinesungano ruzivo urwu, iwe kusarudza. Kudzidza yemhindumupindu kuramba nhasi. Zvimwe dzinonakidza anowana itsva zvichava pachena mune ramangwana. Pashure pezvose, iye akadaro sayenzi paleontology sohunobishairira yakatanga. Uchapupu shanduka akachibayira aishingaira kukurukurwa zvose nemasayendisiti uye vanhu kure nesayenzi.