Ndiani akasika ndege yokutanga

Munhu anogara achida kumuka mumhepo uye kunzwa kunzwa kusununguka kwekutiza kune imwe shiri. Sezvo zvakasikwa hazvina kupa vanhu mapapiro, kurota kwekubhururuka kwakaitwa mukusikwa kwema ndege chaiwo. Ndege yekutanga yakasikwa nevakawanda vanogadzira zvikamu munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenyika ine nguva shoma. Nokudaro, muridzi wemuchindwe munyaya iyi haasati yanyatsosimbiswa. Nhoroondo inotipa sarudzo yevatatu, kuti ive yakarurama kunyange nevanokumbira vana kuti vashandise ndege: Hama dzaWright dzinobva kuU.SA, Alexander Mozhaisky weRussia naAlberto Santos-Dumont vokuBrazil.

Anonyanya kuzivikanwa wegeyasi yanhasi achiri kuonekwa seyo ndege yeWright hama. Inventors kubva kuU.SA - Orville naWilbur Wright vakasimudza ndege yavo Flyer-1 mangwanani musi waDecember 17, 1903. Hondo yokutanga yakabata masekondi gumi nemana chete, uye chigadzirwa chakakunda chikamu che 36 nehafu yemamita, uye mutyairi wekutanga, aive, ainzi Orville Wright, uyo aitungamirira ndege, ari pamapapiro ake.

Kutaura zvazviri, yakanga isiri iyo inofamba-famba iri mumhando yayo yakachena, sezvo ndege yakasenderera mberi nechiteshi chekufambisa uye yakakurumidza nekubatsira kwechikwata. Asi panguva imwechete mukugadzirwa kwayo kwakapiwa injini inopisa inopisa, iyo hama dzakanga dzagadzira.

Kutevera kuedza kwekutanga, tsvakurudzo yekuvandudzwa yakatevera, uye pasina nguva Flyer-2 neFlyer-3 dzakakwira mumhepo. Mumakore ekupedzisira muna 1905, hama dzaWright dzakakwanisa kubhururuka makiromita anenge makumi mana. Pamusana pokutanga kwavo, ndege yavo yakanga ichiri nekodzero yekuzonzi ndege, sezvo dzaive dzakagadzirwa nemichina, dzichitungamirirwa nevatyairi vendege uye dzichifamba maererano nemitemo yekugadzira ndege. Ichokwadi, chessis ndege dzakadaro dzisina kumbokwira uye dzakakwira mumhepo pamwe nekubatsira kwechikwata.

Kamwe chete pamwe chete nevehama dzaWright, ndege yake yakatangwa mumhepo nemuumbi weBrazil Alberto Santos-Dumont. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1906 muFrance. Misiyano huru yendege iyi ndeyokuti yakabviswa kunze kwezvimwe zvishandiso, kureva kuti, yakanga yakanyatsozvidzivirira. Ndege yekutanga, inonzi "14-bis", yakanga yakagadziriswa gear uye yakamhanya chete nekubatsira kwepfungwa yejini yayo.

Iye zvino chokwadi chokuti ndege chaiyo yekutanga yakanga isati yavakwa kwete muAmerica, asi muRussia kwemakore makumi matatu isati yasvika ndege yeWright hama, iri kuramba ichipararira. Yakavakwa neRear-Admiral Mozhaisky, uyo kwenguva refu akaitisa zvidzidzo zvakakodzera. Mushonga wake unobhururuka wakaita sechikepe chiduku chine michina yakawanda, masts maviri maduku uye injini yemhepo. Ainzi aeronaut projectile, uye patent yeimwe ndege Mozhaisky yakagamuchira kare muna 1881.

Shanduro yeMozhaisk inogona kunzi inonzi fuselage type ndege, yakatanga kuvakwa zvakazara makore makumi matatu gare gare. Muumbi wacho akanga asina zvishoma mukutaura, uye hurumende yakaedza kugovera semari shoma sezvinobvira kutsvakurudza, uye, kana zvichikwanisika, kuisa zvikamu uye kumira zviitiko zvose.

Nyaya yekutanga yendege yakaitwa muzhizha ra1882 pedyo neSt. Petersburg, kuKrasnoe Selo. Rimwe kambani yakakokwa yakanyatsoona ndege yendege, iyo Mozhaysky yainzi aerodynam. Ndege yokutanga yakapararira padanda revhu, yakafamba mamita maviri uye yakaburukira mumvura, ichivhuna mapiko.

Ongororo dzemazuva ano dzakaratidza kuti panguva iyoyo kubwinya kwemazuva kwakagadzirwa zvakanaka, asi kwakashaya simba rekugadzira simba kwekufamba kwenguva refu.

Mozhaysky, kukundwa nezvinetso zvematare uye zvemari, akapfuurira mberi kwake kukura. Muna 1890, akafa, pakanga pasina munhu aizokura bhizimisi rake, uye vakuru veku tsarist vakasarudza kukurumidzira kukanganwa pamusoro pendiza uye nekuviga zvachose kutsvakurudza kwakadaro. Kunyange iyo ndege yakagadzirwa yakanga isingakoshi kune ani zvake-yakatakurwa kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo yeMohaisky pedyo neVologda, uye muna 1895 akapisa ipapo.

Saka ndeupi wevanotanga kugovera anogona kupa chinangwa chekupedzisira? Munhu wose anosarudza nenzira yavo pachavo. Ngarava inokosha chaizvo mune imwe nhoroondo yevanhu, yakasikwa nebasa revanhu vazhinji: dzidzo, vashandi, injini, vanorota. Nokudaro, vose vane kodzero yekuziva nekuyeuka.