Kuiisa chlorine: mamirire zvemakemikari uye panyama zvivako

Zvakasikwa kuiisa chlorine rinowanikwa gaseous rehurumende uye chete muchimiro yeimwe nevamwe magasi. In ezvinhu pedyo dzose, ndiko chepfu kungatikanganisa gasi greenish ruvara. It anotakura zvakawanda uremu kupfuura mhepo. It ane chive chinonhuhwira zvakanaka. kuiisa chlorine Morekuru unotora maatomu maviri. Mugore quiescent mamiriro haachemeri, asi panguva yakakwirira tembiricha unogadzirira pamwe rehydrogen, pashure mukana kuputika. Somugumisiro, gasi asunungurwa phosgene. Very muchetura. Saka, kunyange panguva yakaderera kuwanda mumhepo (0.001 MG pa 1 dm they ³⁾ anogona kukonzera rufu. The chikuru hunhu nonmetal kuiisa chlorine rinoti zviri kurema kupfuura mhepo uye nokudaro kucharamba pedyo pasi ari muchimiro yero maumi.

nhoroondo zvinhu

Kokutanga muupenyu tsika iyi rwaiwanikwa muna 1774 K. Shelee g. Nekubatanidza hydrochloric asidhi uye pyrolusite. Zvisinei, chete muna 1810 P. Davy akakwanisa munguva kuiisa chlorine uye kumisa kuti chinhu yoga namakemikari Kufananidzira.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti muna 1772, Dzhozef Pristli akakwanisa kuwana rehydrogen chloride - zvisinei kuiisa chlorine remubatanidzwa pamwe rehydrogen,, kusiyanisa zvinhu izvi zviviri kemisiti vakasagona.

Chemical characterization kuti kuiisa chlorine

Chloro - makemikari chaikosha makirisito boka VII periodic table boka. It mudura yechitatu nguva, uye ane mabhomba nhamba 17 (17 protons ari musimboti). The reactive nonmetal. Runotaurwa tsamba Cl.

Zviri randinenge mumiririri halogens. gasi ichi, pasina ruvara, asi ane unopinza, kunzwa zvakanaka. Kazhinji muchetura. halogens zvose zvakanaka rakasanganiswa nemvura. Pamusoro neVadzidzi nyoro mhepo kutanga kusvuta.

Rokunze Erekitironi configuration 3s2Zr5 Cl atomu. Somugumisiro, mune yeimwe ari makemikari chinhu Exhibits oxidation yomuropa vari -1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +6 uye +7. The covalent nharaunda yacho atomu 0,96Å, Ionic nharaunda Cl- 1,83 A, atomu Erekitironi sungano pakati 3,65 vara, 12,87 EV pakati ionization chechetere.

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, kuiisa chlorine munhu kumbonyanya kushingaira nonmetal unobvumira pakusikwa yeimwe pamwe zvinenge nesimbi zvose (dzimwe nguva vachishandisa kupisa kana mwando displacing Bromo) uye nonmetals. In weupfu chimiro izvozvo zvaanoita chete nesimbi panguva pamatunhu tembiricha.

The kunonyanyisa combustion tembiricha - 2250 ° C. Sezvo okisijeni anokwanisa nokuumba oxides, hypochlorites, chlorites uye chlorates. Ose yeimwe ane okisijeni, muri putika ari kudyidzana pamwe oxidizable zvinhu. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kuiisa chlorine oxides anogona pamadiro putika apo chlorates putika chete kana pachena kune initiators.

Hunhu kuiisa chlorine chinzvimbo mune periodic ino:

• nyore fuma;
• nemanomwe boka chinhu periodic table;
• wechitatu rokuti Mutsara wechitatu;
• boka wechinomwe huru boka;
• mabhomba nhamba 17;
• Rinoratidza Cl chiratidzo;
• reactive nonmetal;
• ane halogen boka;
• mumamiriro ezvinhu pedyo dzose, ndiko uturu gasi yero ruvara ane kunzwa kunhuwa;
• ane kuiisa chlorine atomu Morekuru ane 2 (payakavakirwa Cl _2).

The ehupfumi zvokunyama kuiisa chlorine:

• Kubika pfungwa: -34,04 ° C;
• utsotso pfungwa: -101,5 ° C;
• ane arambe achirema iri gaseous mamiriro - 3, 214 g / L;
• kuti arambe achirema emura kuiisa chlorine (Kubika nguva) - 1,537 g / masendimita ^3;
• kuti arambe achirema zvokufonongonwa kuiisa chlorine - 1.9 g / masendimita ^3;
• wakananga vhoriyamu - 1,745 x 10 ^-3 L / g.

Kuiisa chlorine: mamirire tembiricha Kuchinja

Mugore gaseous mamiriro anokwanisa nyore liquefied. Pamusangano kumanikidzwa 8 atmospheres uye tembiricha 20 ° C zvinoita sokuti somunhu greenish-yellow zvokunwa. It ane refu kwazvo kungatikanganisa ehupfumi. Sezvo tsika inoratidza ichi makemikari maatomu akafanana anogona kuramba nemvura mamiriro kusvikira dzinonetsa tembiricha (143 ° C), akapa kumanikidza kuwedzera.

Kana dzaserera kuti tembiricha kuti -32 ° C, izvozvo anochinja yayo chaiko hurumende kuti mvura pasinei mumhepo kumanikidzwa. On mberi achideredza pamusoro tembiricha kuti crystallization kunoitika (the exponent -101 ° C).

Kuiisa chlorine zvakasikwa

The kuiisa chlorine pasi goko rine 0,017 chete%. The hombe iri kuputika magasi. Sezvinoratidzwa apa, mashoko ane mukuru namakemikari basa, saka kuti anongonzwa kunoitika nedzimwe zvinhu zviri yeimwe. Makavigwa muzvizhinji zvicherwa ane kuiisa chlorine. maitiro chaikosha kunoita paumbwe anenge zana zvicherwa zvakasiyana. Kazhinji, izvi simbi chlorides.

Uyewo, yakawanda iri mumakungwa - anenge 2%. Izvi imhaka yokuti chlorides vari kushingaira kuiparadza uye kupararira tichibatsirwa nzizi nemakungwa. The neizvi kwacho. Kuiisa chlorine kushambidzwa shure pamhenderekedzo, uye ipapo mhepo inomutora kubudikidza nharaunda. Ndokusaka soro wevasungwa kuchengetwa kumahombekombe munzvimbo. In dzisinganayi nzvimbo nyika pamberi pedu gasi chakaumbwa kwemvura remvura, mauri sesaline kuoneka. Gore negore munyika pave vanenge mamiriyoni 100 matani nefuma. Zvisinei, kuti, hazvishamisi, nokuti pane vazhinji minda kuti ane kuiisa chlorine. Zvisinei, maitiro pake, zvikurukuru kunotsamira chaiyo yacho nzvimbo.

Nzira hwokubereka kuiisa chlorine

Nhasi pane nzira dzakawanda hwokubereka kuiisa chlorine, chinonyanya zvinowanzovapo izvo zvinotevera:

1. hwidibiro. Zviri nyore uye zvisinganyanyi kudhura. The brine ari diaphragm electrolysis anopinda anode nzvimbo. Uyezve, pane imwe simbi pajira riya cathode runoyerera kupinda aperture. Rine shoma polymeric fibers. Chinokosha mudziyo uyu countercurrent. It chinotungamirwa kubva anode mupanda kusvika cathode, vachibvumira takaparadzana kugamuchira uye chloro liquors.

2. Membrane. Zvikuru simba-kwekuva inoshanda, asi slozhnoosuschestvim sangano. Akafanana diaphragm. Musiyano ndechokuti anode uye cathode nzvimbo vanoparadzaniswa zvachose pedyo membrane. Somugumisiro, goho kunoguma miviri yoga hova.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti characterization yacho makemikari. chaikosha (kuiisa chlorine) yaunganidzwa nzira izvi zvichava zvakasiyana. More "kuchena" anoonekwa kuva Kamudzira nzira.

3. nemekiyuri nzira The mura cathode. Ichienzaniswa nedzimwe ruzivo, pfungwa iyi kunoita kuti kugamuchira yakaisvo-kuiisa chlorine.

Schematic dhayagiramu naro chinosanganisira muchitokisi uye interconnected pombi uye amalgam decomposer. Sezvo cathode iri pumped pamwe pombi nemekiyuri munyu uye anode - kabhoni kana graphite electrodes. Pfungwa installation riri sezvinotevera: ari electrolyte wobudiswa kuiisa chlorine kuti asunungurwa muchitokisi pamwe anolyte. Kubva zvapedzisira kumwedzi yabviswa uye kuiisa chlorine residues donasyschayut halite uye zvakare akadzokera electrolysis.

Zvinodiwa Kuti Safety uye kugadzirwa maturo zvakatungamirira kuti yaitsiva yakasimba cathode mvura.

Kushandiswa kuiisa chlorine mu maindasitiri mafomu

kuiisa chlorine vanoshingaira ehupfumi kubvumira kushandiswa kwayo muna indasitiri. With ichi makemikari maatomu akafanana kugamuchira dzakasiyana organochlorine yeimwe (raive nebutiro chloride, chloro-rabha, etc.), Zvinodhaka, mishonga yokuuraya utachiona. Asi chikuru niche chepamusoro ari indasitiri ndiyo kugadzirwa hydrochloric asidhi uye madota.

Zvinowanzoshandiswa Nzira dzekufambisa wokunatswa mvura yokunwa. To musi, kuedza ringabviswa nzira iyi, vachiitsiva ne ozonation, nekuti tiri kufunga fuma inokanganisa pamusoro womunhu, uyewo chlorinated mvura zvinoparadza mapaipi. It anokonzerwa chokuti iri vakasununguka mamiriro Cl tigume senyere yaigadzirwa polyolefins. Kunyange zvakadaro, nyika dzakawanda kupa zvinodiwa kuti chlorination nzira.

Uyewo, kuiisa chlorine inoshandiswa simbi. With, vanogamuchira zvinoverengeka chisingawanzowaniki simbi (niobium, tantalum, titanium). In makemikari indasitiri vachishingaira kushandisa dzakasiyana organochlorine yeimwe kuti kurwisa masora uye zvimwe zvinangwa zvokurima, uye chinhu Rinoshandiswa sezita dhibi.

Nokuda kwayo kwemakemikari mamiriro chloro anoparadza kwazvo Organic uye inorganic madhayi. Izvi runowanikwa zvizere bleaching. mugumisiro Izvi zvinogoneka chete kana paine mvura, nokuti bleaching kwacho imhaka mabhomba okisijeni, iyo yakaumbwa mushure kuora pamusoro kuiisa chlorine: Cl ₂ + H ₂ Haiwa → HCl + HClO → 2HCl + O. nzira iyi awana chikumbiro mazana emakore mashoma apfuura uye yakakurumbira uye zuva rino.

A kushandiswa mukurumbira chaizvo yamarudzi iyi organochlorine zvipembenene. zvigadzirwa izvi zvekurima kuuraya Utachiona hunokuvadza, vachisiya sanganisika zvirimwa. A chinokosha chikamu zvachose kuiisa chlorine zvinoberekwa munyika anoenda zvokurima kushandiswa.

It rinoshandiswawo anogadzira zvinhu rabha uye epurasitiki yeimwe. Uchibatsirwa dzavo, akaita waya kuputira, Stationery, Hardware, mhuri midziyo yemagetsi goko, uye zvichingodaro. D. Pane maonero kuti rubbers vakawana nenzira iyi, kukuvadza vanhu, asi izvozvo hazvina yasimbiswa nesayenzi.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kuiisa chlorine (maitiro nyaya yakanga kutaurwa zvakadzama yapfuura) nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka zvakadai kwetsanga gasi uye phosgene, anoshandiswa zvechiuto zvikumbiro kwemakemikari hondo nevamiririri.

Kuiisa chlorine somumiririri yakajeka vasiri simbi

Nonmetals - nyore zvinhu, izvo zvinosanganisira magasi uye mvura. Kazhinji, ivo kuitisa magetsi kupfuura simbi uye nouchapupu kusiyana mumuviri uye nomuviri maitiro. With yakakwirira ionization pamwero aigona wezvamatongerwe covalent namakemikari akakura. Zvinotevera rondedzero muenzaniso nonmetal kuiisa chlorine achapiwa.

Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro, ichi makemikari maatomu akafanana ndizvo gasi. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, zviri chose vasipo ehupfumi zvakafanana nezviya simbi. Pasina rubatsiro kwokunze varege sei pamwe okisijeni, senitrogen, carbon uye vamwe. Zviratidzwa Its oxidizing ehupfumi kuti kubatana nyore uye vamwe kunzwisisa zvinhu. Rinoreva kuti halogens, izvo chainyatsoratidza kwaro namakemikari unhu. The yeimwe navamwe halogens (bromine, astatine, ayodhini), displaces navo. The gaseous kuiisa chlorine (hunhu pake - zvakananga uchapupu) zvakanaka chikaparara. Zviri yakanaka disinfectant. Chete kunouraya zvipenyu, izvo zvinoita chinokosha mune zvokurima uye mushonga.

Shandisa sezvo muchetura

Mamirire kuiisa chlorine atomu anobvumira kushandiswa kwayo sechinhu muchetura mumiririri. Gas yakatanga kushandiswa Germany, riri 04/22/1915, panguva World War First, somugumisiro kufa vanenge 15 zviuru. Murume. Panguva iyoyo, sezvo muchetura haushandi.

Ngationei kupa tsananguro pfupi makemikari chinhu sechinhu arikukachidzwa zvaanoda. Zvinokanganisawo muviri kuburikidza kutadza kufema. Kupa yokutanga yepamusoro yemweya vasafara uye ziso bundu. Kuchitanga vangakosora tichibatwa breathlessness. Next, rakapinza mumapapu, gasi corrodes ari zvemapapu rinenge chinoguma edema. Kunokosha! Kuiisa chlorine ndiko kutsanya fuma.

Zvichienderana wevasungwa mudenga, zviratidzo zvinogona zvakasiyana. Yakaderera kuwanda muvanhu akatsvuka pakati mucous membranes, munyoro kupfupika mweya. Content iri kuitika 1.5-2 g / M ³ kunokonzera kukuvadza uye vanakidzwe ari mubhokisi, marwadzo chokumusoro Airways. Uyewo, hurumende angaperekedzwa zvakasimba lacrimation. Mushure maminitsi 10-15 muimba ine Kuwanda kuiisa chlorine kwakadaro kunoitika simba combustion mapapu uye rufu. Kana denser kuwanda zvichiita rufu mukati maminitsi kubva kuoma yokumusoro kufema turakiti.

Kana tichishanda nenhumbi ichi inokurudzirwa kushandisa unodzivirira zvipfeko, chifukidzo, magiravhusi.

Kuiisa chlorine muupenyu zvipenyu uye zvinomera

Kuiisa chlorine mutezo kurarama zvinenge zvose zvinenge. Feature ndechokuti urege kuva wakachena chimiro uye dziri yeimwe.

In mhuka uye zvinenge nevanhu kuiisa chlorine ions anodzokororwa osmotic nekuenzana. Zvinonzi anokonzerwa yokuti vane zvikuru yakakodzera siyana nokuda kupinda muchitokisi membrane. Pamwe potassium ions Cl anoita mvura uye munyu mwero. Munguva ura, iyo kuiisa chlorine ions kusika yakanaka zvakatipoteredza kuitwa proteolytic makemikari ari gastric muto. Chloride channel anopiwa mumasero dzakawanda muviri. Kuburikidza zvavo intercellular zvinwiwa kunoitika uye ph vakaramba masero. About 85% of zvachose Vhoriyamu chaikosha ichi pamuviri iri intercellular nzvimbo. Yabudiswa nokuda urethra. Zvinonzi neve hadzi nomuviri nedanho achiyamwa.

Panguva iyi okukura ari oga zvakaoma kutaura chaizvo chirwere chinokurwadzai kuiisa chlorine uye ayo yeimwe. Izvi imhaka kushaya tsvakurudzo munharaunda iyi.

Uyewo, iyo kuiisa chlorine ions varipo vari chirimwa mumasero. Ari kuitika mu simba muviri. Pasina ichi chinhu nedanho photosynthesis hazvibviri. Narwo nemidzi kuti nokushingaira rwezvinhu zvakakodzera zvinhu. Zvisinei, chikuru Kuwanda kuiisa chlorine mune miti vanokwanisa yokushandisa nayo ine deleterious simba (kuderera ari photosynthesis kwacho, kumisa kukura uye kukura).

Zvisinei, pane vamiririri kasvisto vaigona 'kuita shamwari ", kana kanenge kuwana pamwe chinhu. Mamirire nonmetal (kuiisa chlorine) rine pfungwa zvakadai sokuita munhu pfuma kuti oxidize nevhu. Mune Kushanduka zvinomera dzataurwa pamusoro apa, anonzi halophytes, munyu marshes rwaigara chinhu, vakanga vasina chinhu pamusana overabundance kuti maatomu akafanana izvi. Ivo Sechipanji kuiisa chlorine ions, uye kwava kubvisa navo achishandisa shizha kuwa.

Transport uye kuchengetera kuiisa chlorine

Pane dzakawanda nzira kutama uye chitoro kuiisa chlorine. Feature chaikosha kunoda chaiwo mukuru-kumanikidzwa sepombi. midziyo vakadaro vane kuzivikanwa nyora - a tote munyoro mutsetse. Matangi Monthly inofanira kucheneswa kwazvo. Refu kuchengetera kuiisa chlorine mairi precipitate aumbwa riri putika zvikuru - senitrogen trichloride. Kutadza kutevedza nekuchengetedzwa kose anotonga zvinogoneka vaingoerekana kuvesa uye kuputika.

Kudzidza kuiisa chlorine

Future mishonga kuiisa chlorine inofanira kuzivikanwa noruzhinji. Pasi urongwa, 9-graders unogona kuisa rabhoritari kuedza nenhumbi ichi pahwaro ruzivo inokosha panyaya iyi. Chokwadi, mudzidzisi vanosungirwa kuitisa kuchengeteka kurovedza.

The nzira inoshanda sezvinotevera: Utore chinu ugodira kuiisa chlorine mariri swarf. Anotiza, iyo Chips achava upenye sechiedza nezvitsiga uye panguva imwecheteyo zviri nyore chena utsi SBCL _3. Kana achinyatsotaurira mugaba pakati kuiisa chlorine gaba angazvidzvisa zviri zvakare kuzvipira ichitanga, asi pasi chinu zvishoma nezvishoma kudzikisa moto twemazaya echando. Panguva iyi kuita munhu smoky mvura - SnCl _4. Kana akaisa simbi mafufu mumudziyo kuumbwa dzvuku "anosiya 'uye vachaonekwa tsvuku utsi FeCl _3.

Pamwe chete inoshanda basa inodzokororwa dzidziso. Kunyanya, mumwe mubvunzo akadai kuiisa chlorine cho nezvenzvimbo periodic ino (pokutanga).

Somugumisiro kuedza, zvinoita sokuti chinhu ikasakendenga Organic yeimwe. Kana ukaisa mudende kuiisa chlorine donje shinda zvakakangwa mu turpentine kare, pakarepo nayo dzakaparira, uye chinu zvikuru makwai chin'ai. Zvinobudirira inopfungaira moto yavaibvisa yellowish, uye pamusoro pamasvingo glassware munyu crystals kuoneka. Students vachava kufarira kudzidza kuti, apo achiri muduku kemisiti, NN Semenov (gare gare akahwina mubayiro weNobel), kuva chiitiko chakadaro, inounganidzwa kubva pamasvingo chinu, uye munyu, nechingwa wake akasasa uye akadya. Chemistry zvakanaka uye haana kurega musayendisiti. Somugumisiro makemikari ruzivo here akatendeuka vanhuwo patafura munyu!