Fluoride - chii ichi? The ehupfumi kuti fluorine

Fluoro - makemikari chaikosha (chiratidzo F, mabhomba nhamba 9), asiri simbi, raiva pamberi halogen boka. Ndiwo kupfuura basa uye electronegative. Panguva dzekudya tembiricha uye kwokudzvinyirira kwomunhu fluorine morekuru ine uturu gasi hapana yero pamwe payakavakirwa F _2. Kufanana nevamwe halogens, samolecular fluorine ndiyo ngozi chaizvo uye neVadzidzi ganda kunokonzera kwazvo kutsva.

kushandiswa

Fluorine aro yeimwe vari zvinowanzoshandiswa t. H., uye nokuda pagadzirwe Pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, rinochiwedzera uye lubricants, uye Textiles. Hydrofluoric asidhi inoshandiswa etch regirazi, uye muplasma fluorine - nokuti zvaAtemisi semiconductor uye nezvimwewo zvinhu. Low kuwanda F ions mu mushonga wemazino uye kunwa mvura kunogona kubatsira kudzivirira mazino, apo dzakakwirira kuwanda vari vamwe zvipembenene. vakawanda dzokutindivadza vakawanda nomukaka zviri fluorocarbons. ¹⁸ F isotope chinhu positron mabviro kwezvokurapa kuri kubudikidza positron anobuda tomography, uye uranium exchange hexafluoride rinoshandiswa nekuti akazvitsaurira isotopes ose uranium exchange uye kugadzira zvakapfumisa uranium exchange kuti simba renyukireya zvinomera.

History yakawanikwa

Zvicherwa ine fluorine yeimwe, dzave kuzivikanwa kwemakore akawanda asati nokubudiswa ichi makemikari maatomu akafanana. Somuenzaniso, zvicherwa fluorspar (kana fluorite), zvinosanganisira calcium fluoride, akarondedzerwa muna 1530 na Agricola G. Gheorghiu. It rinozivikanwa kuti rinogona kushandiswa se ane zvinoyerera - imwe pfuma kuti kunobatsira kuderedza utsotso pfungwa simbi kana mhangura uye anobatsira zvakachena zvandinenge simbi. Naizvozvo fluoro zita raro kubva muchiLatin zita vakagamuchira shoko fluere ( «kumhanyira»).

Muna 1670 Henry godu glassmaker Shvanhard akawana kuti girazi riri chinopinda vakadhakwa calcium fluoride (fluorspar), asidhi zvakaipa. Karl Scheele uye akazotevera vaongorori vakawanda, kusanganisira Humphrey Davy, Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac, Antuan Lavuaze, Louis Tenar vaedza hydrofluoric asidhi (Zvakanaka hf), izvo nyore rwaiwanikwa nokubata CAF nekutsvaga sulfuric acid.

Pakupedzisira, zvakava pachena kuti Zvakanaka hf rine wamboonekwa maatomu akafanana. Zvisinei, fuma ichi, nokuda kwayo kunyanyisa reactivity vakatadza govera kwemakore. Hazvina kuoma chete vaparadzane kubva yeimwe, asi pakarepo zvaanoita nevamwe zvinoriumba yayo. Voga kuti zvokuvamba fluorine kubva hydrofluoric asidhi ngozi kwazvo, uye mangwanani kuedza vakapofumadzwa uye vakauraya masayendisiti akawanda. vanhu ava pakuzivikanwa se "Martyrs of fluoride."

The Kuwanika uye kugadzirwa

Pakupedzisira, muna 1886, ari kemisiti French Henri Muassanu akabudirira nevamwe musanganiswa fluorine kubudikidza electrolysis pamusoro yakanyungudutswa potassium fluoride uye hydrofluoric acid. Nokuti ichi akanga paakavapa ari 1906 Nobel Prize muna Chemistry. electrolytic Maitiro ayo achiri kushandiswa nhasi nokuda maindasitiri kugadzirwa ichi makemikari maatomu akafanana.

Yokutanga pamwero mukuru kugadzirwa fluorine rakatanga muHondo Yenyika II. Iye Chaingodiwa mumwe nzendo kusikwa mabhomba bhomba iri Manhattan Project. Fluorine rinoshandiswa hwokubereka uranium exchange hexafluoride (UF ₆₎ izvo, akavapindurawo, kushandiswa kuparadzana mumwe maviri isotopes ²³⁵ U uye ²³⁸ U. Nhasi gaseous UF ₆ chinodiwa kuti tiwane zvakapfumisa uranium exchange simba renyukireya.

The ehupfumi kukosha fluorine

In periodic table chinhu chiri rokumusoro mugove 17 boka (yaimbonzi Group 7a), anonzi halogen. Other halogens zvinosanganisira kuiisa chlorine, bromine, ayodhini uye astatine. Uyezve, F rechipiri munguva iri pakati okisijeni uye neon.

fluoro Kwakachena - a kungatikanganisa gasi (kwemakemikari payakavakirwa F ₂₎ pamwe maitiro kunzwa zvakanaka izvo dzakaonekwa pane wevasungwa 20 nl pa fő. Sendarama electronegative uye reactive vose okunze, zviri nyore unoumba remubatanidzwa pamwe vazhinji vavo. Fluoride akanyanya reactive kuvapo muna zvokuvamba chimiro uye ane ukama hwakadaro zvinhu zvikuru, kusanganisira nesilicon, kuti hazvigoni kugadzirira kana inochengetwa girazi midziyo. In nyorovera mhepo, izvozvo zvaanoita nemvura kuti aumbe haidereri ngozi hydrofluoric acid.

Fluoro, kuwadzana hydrogen rinoputika kunyange tembiricha yakaderera uye murima. It zvaanoita chisimba nemvura kuumbika hydrofluoric asidhi uye gaseous okisijeni. zvinhu zvakasiyana, kusanganisira girazi uye nenguvo dzakarukwa zvakanaka chakakamurwa nesimbi, mune norwizi fluorine gasi kupisa inopenya womoto. Mukuwedzera, makemikari chinhu anoumba remubatanidzwa pamwe anokudzwa magasi krypton, xenon uye radon. Zvisinei zvakananga senitrogen uye okisijeni, haina sei.

Pasinei yokunyanyisa basa fluorine, isu zvino vava nzira iripo vakachengeteka nokubikwa neyokufambisa. The chingasataurwa kuchengetwa mumidziyo akagadzirwa simbi kana Monel (nickel-vapfumi chiwanikwa), sezvo zvinhu izvi pamusoro pemvura fluorides vari kuumbwa kuti afambire mberi kuita.

Fluorides - a fuma umo fluorine aripo isakarurama mhosva Ion (F ^-) akabatana vamwe chokwadi mhosva zvinhu. Fluorine yeimwe vane simbi dziri pakati akatsiga zvikuru munyu. Kana ichiputswa mumvura, ivo rakakamurwa ions. Kumwe fluorine vari zvivako, semuenzaniso, [FeF _4] ^-, uye H ₂ F ^+.

isotopes

Pane muzvizhinji kuti isotopes ose halogen, kubva ¹⁴ F uye anopera ³¹ F. Asi fluorine isotope sezvamunoita unotora chete mumwe wavo, ¹⁹ F, rine 10 neutrons, saka Pazvakangomutambudza akatsiga. The radioactive isotope ¹⁸ F - tsime rinokosha positrons.

zvoutachiona migumisiro

Fluorine mumuviri kunyanya mapfupa uye meno dziri ions. Fluoridation yokunwa mvura wevasungwa Chikamu asingasviki mumwe miriyoni paminiti yekudyidzana akazoita kuitika caries - saka funga National Research Council of National Academy of Sciences USA. Ukuwo, imwe kunyanyisa kuunganidza fluoride kungaita kuti fluorosis, izvo kunooneka pacharo ari mottling kwemeno. Izvi unonyanyozivikanwa kuchengetwa munzvimbo zviri kupiwa namakemikari chinhu ari kunwa mvura wevasungwa kwazvo 10 ppm.

Zvokuvamba fluorine uye fluoride munyu muchetura uye anofanira vachaabata nokungwarira kukuru. Contact ganda kana meso anofanira kunyatsoongorora kudziviswa. Zvakaitwa ganda unobereka hydrofluoric acid, izvo rinokurumidza kupinda ari zvinyama uye zvaanoita pamwe karusiyamu ari mapfupa, usachikanganisa zvachose.

Fluorine mu zvakatipoteredza

Wegore kugadzirwa munyika zvicherwa fluorite vanenge mamiriyoni 4 matani, uye yose simba riri Akaongorora deposits matani mamiriyoni 120 mukati. The wechikoro chicherwa ichi migodhi nzvimbo dziri Mexico, Western Europe uye China.

Zvakasikwa fluoro inowanikwa goko pasi apo rinogona kuwanikwa pamatombo, ivhu uye kabhoni. Fluorides mumhepo kana mhepo nemvura. Fluorine ndiyo rechi13 kupfuura zhinji makemikari chinhu goko paNyika - mairi zviri 950 ppm. In nevhu ayo avhareji pfungwa - vanenge 330 ppm. Rehydrogen fluoride hungabudiswa mumhepo somugumisiro combustion pezvakaitwa vari indasitiri. Fluorides zviri mumhepo, pakupedzisira kuwira pasi kana mvura. Kana fluorine anoumba ukama nezvimedu vashomashoma, zvinogona kuramba kuenda neherikoputa kwenguva yakareba.

In pave 0,6 ppb zviri makemikari chinhu aripo muchimiro munyu pfapfaidzo uye makemikari kuiisa chlorine yeimwe. In mumadhorobha runyararo wevasungwa rinosvika 50 ppb.

kubatana

Fluoro - chiri chinhu, iyo inowanikwa zvakawanda Organic uye inorganic yeimwe. MaKemisiti anogona kutsiva hydrogen maatomu, nokudaro kutanga muzvizhinji itsva zvinhu. Anoumba zvikuru reactive halogen yeimwe pamwe chakanaka magasi. Muna 1962, Neil Bartlett synthesizes xenon geksaftorplatinat (XePtF6). Fluorides ose krypton uye radon yave vakagadzirira. Chimwe remubatanidzwa riri ftorgidrid argon, kugadzikana chete panguva zvikuru yakaderera tembiricha.

zvekushandisa chikumbiro

The mabhomba uye samolecular hurumende fluorine rinoshandiswa kuti yeplasma etching mu semiconductor gadzira, flat emadziro anoratidza uye microelectromechanical nehurongwa. Hydrofluoric asidhi rinoshandiswa kuti etching magirazi kune mwenje uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa.

Pamwe chete navamwe ayo yeimwe, fluorine - chinokosha pagadzirwe Pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, rinochiwedzera uye lubricants, uye Textiles. Chemical chaikosha inodiwa achigadzirira halogenated alkanes (halons), izvo zvinozoita vari zvinowanzoshandiswa mhepo kutonhodza uye kutonhora. Gare gare kushandiswa uku CFCs yakarambidzwa, nokuti pave kuparadzwa ozone rukoko iri repamusoro mhepo.

Sarufa hexafluoride - zvikuru inert, non-hunokachidza gasi kunokonzerwa nezvinhu kukonzera girinihausi maturo. Pasina fluorine hazvibviri kugadzira mapurasitiki pamwe pasi coefficient pamusoro kukweshera, akadai Teflon. Vazhinji rufimbi vamiririri (semuenzaniso, sevoflurane, desflurane uye isoflurane) vari nomukaka zviri fluorocarbons. yavaibvisa Geksaftoralyuminat (cryolite) rinoshandiswa aruminiyamu electrolysis.

Fluorine yeimwe, kusanganisira NaF, anoshandiswa toothpastes kuitira kudzivirira caries. Izvi zvinhu zviri kuwedzera matunhu neminisiparati mvura marongedzero nokuda fluoridation mvura, asi nekuda kukanganisa utano hwevanhu, tsika iyi nharo. At dzakakwirira kuwanda NaF rinoshandiswa sechinhu zvipembenene, kunyanya pamusoro mapete.

Kare, fluorides inoshandiswa kuderedza simbi utsotso tembiricha uye ores, uye kuwedzera goho ravo. Fluoride - zvinokosha chezvinonhuwira kugadzirwa uranium exchange hexafluoride, iro rinoshandiswa nekuti akazvitsaurira isotopes ayo. ¹⁸ F, ari radioactive isotope pamwe nehafu upenyu maminitsi 110, inongorira positrons uye rinowanzoshandiswa zvokurapa positron achine tomography.

ehupfumi zvokunyama fluorine

Baseline zvechadenga zvine maatomu akafanana ndeinotevera:

• 18.9984032 mabhomba guru g / mol.
• Electronic configuration pamusoro 1s 2s ^{2 2 5} _2p.
• The oxidation mamiriro -1.
• Density 1,7 g / l.
• 53,53 K. utsotso tembiricha
• K. kufashaira 85,03
• 31,34 Heat vanokwanisa J / (K · mol).