Dzhozef Pristli - zvakasikwa, muzivi, kemisiti. Biography yokutanga

Rakanzi Mambo kunzwisisa. Dzhozef Pristli akasiyiwa munhoroondo nemunyori inokosha matongo ari kemisitiri pakati magasi uye Pfungwa magetsi. Aiva theosophist uye mupristi, uyo akanzi "akatendeseka vevanyengeri."

Priestley - nenjere mukuru pakati XVIII remakore rechipiri, akaita avasakadza uzivi uye philology, uye zvakawanda - ndicho vakatanga pasoda mvura uye chokudzimisa kubvisa penzura mitsetse kubva papepa.

makore okutanga

The mukuru wavana kuchinja mhuri Draper nhanhatu, Dzhozef Pristli akaberekwa muchirimo 1733 mumusha muduku pedyo Leeds Filskhed. Yakaoma ezvinhu muduku, kumanikidzwa vabereki kutumira Josefa mhuri tete yake, uyo akafunga kugadzirira basa muzukuru Anglican mupristi. Akamirirwa kwaari zvachose Kurerwa uye dzidzo zvakanaka nevanhu uye zvechitendero.

Mukutanga kuratidzwa kwaniso uye kushingaira akabvumira Priestley akabudirira sekondari Batley, apo pane ava kodzero muzita rake, uye Theological Academy muna Daventry. Iye kosi sciences dzinongoitika uye kemisitiri paYunivhesiti Warrington, izvo rwakamuita kuti aronge musha rabhoritari uye vanotanga yakazvimirira kuedza yesayenzi.

Scientist-mupristi

Muna 1755, Dzhozef Pristli akava mufundisi mubatsiri asi akanga pamutemo vagadzwe 1762. Yaiva muranda kujairika chechi. vakanyatsodzidza, achiziva 9 vapenyu nevakafa mitauro, iye 1761 akanyora bhuku "kunyatsogona Chirungu Girama." Tutorial ichi chakanga akakodzera munguva inotevera hafu remakore.

Kuva yainakidza Analytical pfungwa, Dzhozef Pristli akaumba yezvavanotenda, muchizadzwa Kuziva mabasa vaitungamirira nevazivi uye nyanzvi dzezvechitendero. Somugumisiro, akafamba kubva zvinodavirwa muchitendero kuti afemerwa mumhuri pavaizvarwa. Iye chabva Calvinism kuna dzaArius, uye ipapo kunyanya rationalistic rukova - Unitarianism.

Pasinei chokundandama, yakauya kwaari pashure pokurwara youduku, Priestley akanga kushingaira kuparidza uye kudzidzisa, Mhinzo Benjamin Franklin - kunoshamisa masayendisiti nguva - akawedzera kurovedza Dzhozefa Pristli sayenzi.

Kuedza mumunda magetsi

Home Research nokuti Franklin aiva wefizikisi. Electricity iri zvikuru ini U Pristli, uye akabudisa basa zano rimwe ramangwana US dzakavamba vanababa muna 1767 "History uye chipo ezvinhu magetsi." Mariri zvakawanwa zvikuru zvinoverengeka, zvakauyiswa munyori ane zvakakodzera nomukurumbira munyika madenderedzwa masayendisiti British uye European vakanga kufukidzwa.

Electrical conductivity pamusoro graphite, Priestley akaziva vakabva vawana kukuru inoshanda kukosha. kabhoni Kwakachena kwava chezvinonhuwira zhinji magetsi mano. Priestley anotsanangura electrostatics, umo akagumisa kuti kufanana netsika nemagetsi migumisiro uye Newtonian negiravhiti nemauto. Vakaratidza mafungiro avo mutemo "Ivan Kuchin mativi" uye zvadaro mumatauriro chinokosha mutemo dzidziso magetsi - mutemo Coulomb vake.

carbon dioxide inobvisa

Physics, magetsi, conductance, undoraira kudyidzana - kwete chete zvido yesayenzi Priestley. Akawana nyaya yokudzidza ari chinhu chisingatombotarisirwi akakwirira. Basa kwakatungamirira kuwanikwa carbon dioxide, kwakatangwa panguva pakuongorora yake doro indasitiri.

Muna 1772, Priestley akataura kuti zvivako zviri gasi iro rakaumbwa panguva chinovira kuti mhanga. Yakanga carbon dioxide. Priestley kwakasimbiswa nzira kubudisa gasi murabhoritari, ndakaona kuti zviri kurema kupfuura mhepo, zvakaoma kupisa uye zvikuru soluble nemvura, achichipa kujairika, inozorodza kuravira.

photosynthesis

Achienderera mberi kuedza pamwe carbon dioxide, Priestley akaisa ruzivo, iro rakatanga nhoroondo kuwanikwa chinokosha kuti kuvapo kwoupenyu ino mananara - photosynthesis. Achiisa girazi mudziyo mumwe minyoro bukira, Akatungidza mwenje muzadze mugaba pamwe carbon dioxide. Papera chinguva, akaisa kuna mupenyu makonzo uye vakaedza kubatidza moto. Animals vakaramba kurarama, uye pomoto akaramba.

Priestley akava munhu wokutanga kuchengeta photosynthesis. Tsanangura nezve namahwindo gasi mudziyo anokwanisa kuramba kufema uye combustion aigona chete miti kwaniso yekubata carbon dioxide inobvisa uye kusunungura zvakawanda, fuma achipa upenyu-. The experimental zvabuda vaiva hwaro kuzvarwa yemberi pose mumuviri dzidziso, kusanganisira mutemo kuchengetedza simba. Asi zvakawanwa musayendisiti wokutanga aiva zvinoenderana ipapo nesayenzi.

Dzhozef Pristli akatsanangura photosynthesis tichitarisa ari phlogiston dzidziso. munyori wayo - Georg Ernst Stahl - vaifungidzira kuvapo zvinobata moto zvinhu akarongwa fuma - hauremi zvinwiwa - phlogistic, uye combustion zvichiitika disintegration mumiririri kupinda kwayo constituent zvinoriumba uye Absorção de Água pamusoro phlogistic mhepo. Priestley aiva mutsigiri dzidziso iyi kunyange pashure akaita rinokosha akawana ake - dzinounzwa oxygen.

A chikuru kuwanikidza

kuedza zhinji Dzhozefa Pristli kwakatungamirira zvabuda kuti vakanga akatsanangura zvakanaka nevamwe masayendisiti. Iye akagadzira mumwe mudziyo umo magasi anobudiswa vanoparadzaniswa mhepo kwete nemvura uye mumwe denser Urume - nemekiyuri. Somugumisiro, akakwanisa patsanura volatiles, izvo kare zvazvichanyungudutswa mumvura.

The gasi itsva rokutanga vakawana Priestley akanga nitrous oxide. Akawana kujairika kukanganisa vanhu vayo, nei paiva kujairika zita - vachiseka gasi. Gare gare yaishandiswa senzira kuvhiya rufimbi.

Muna 1774, imwe pfuma papera kuzivikanwa mercury oxide, masayendisiti akabudirira nevamwe gasi umo kenduru wakatanga kupisa zvinoshamisa yakajeka. Akaritumidza dephlogisticated mhepo. Priestley akaramba kudavira kuti hunhu combustion, kunyange apo Antuan Lavuaze akaratidza kuti kuvhura Dzhozefa Pristli - a fuma ane anokosha nokuda zvinonyatsorehwa muitiro upenyu ehupfumi. New gasi ainzi oxygen.

Chemistry uye Life

Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, okisijeni - kuongorora kuti magasi aya inopiwa Priestley mune nyaya kemisitiri. Kuziva Kuronga magasi zvinobatanidzwa nedanho photosynthesis - nomupiro musayendisiti mu zvipenyu. Kuedza pamwe dzemagetsi mhosva, kuti amoniya manyowa nzira kushandisa magetsi, optics basa musayendisiti yawana kutendeseka pakati yefizikisi.

The kuwanikwa, chakaitwa Priestley April 15, 1770, haana dzinokosha ukoshi kudaro. Chakasimudzira akwanise vakawanda Zvizvarwa vechikoro uye vashandi hofisi. Nyaya yokutanga yakatanga yokuti Priestley yakawanikwa sei chimedu rabha kubva muIndia tsime erases bepa penzura mitsetse. Saka paiva rabha - chii isu anonzi chokudzimisa.

Kwouzivi uye zvitendero zvakasiyana Priestley rusununguko kuti chakabereka iye mukurumbira munhu anofunga inopandukira. Priestley bhuku "History of Christianity uori" (1782) uye akaratidza kutsigira kwavo nokumukirana muFrance uye America zvakakonzera hasha zvezvisarudzo vanoshingaira of British vaiomerera.

Paakanga vachipemberera 1791 pamwe wakadaro gore pamusoro storming of Bastille, dzakawedzerwa nevaparidzi nemhomho akaparadza imba Priestley uye mumarabhoritari muna Birmingham. Makore matatu gare gare akamanikidzwa kwenyika kusvika US, apo muna 1804 uye dzakaguma mazuva ake.

mudzidzi mukuru

Religious, magariro evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika basa Priestley - abatsira zvikuru kune ungwaru kukura Europe, America uye nyika. Zvinhu uye wepachokwadi anokumhan'arira kuti vanodzvinyirirwa, aishingaira achikurukurirana zvikuru yakazvimirira pfungwa yaitonga.

Uyu murume zhinji vaitirei dilettante, masayendisiti vanouti, asingadi kuwana dzidzo yenguva dzose uye zvakakwana nesayenzi, Priestley akanga mhosva yokuti akanga asingagoni zvakazara kukosha Zvakawanikwa naye.

Asi mamwe mazera akanga Dzhozef Pristli. Biography ake - rakajeka peji munhoroondo yenyika. Ndiyo upenyu hunoshamisa nyanzvi, muparidzi vagutsikane zvikuru mberi pfungwa, honorary nhengo dzose kutungamirira zvikoro esayenzi Europe uye nyika - masayendisiti vakaita rakakura chitange dzinokosha rwokuzvarwa nesayenzi zvokufungidzira.