Chii polyploidy? Chii basa here kutamba wokusarudza uye zvakasikwa

Pashure kuverenga nyaya ino, uchadzidza kuti polyploidy. Tichatarisa basa nayo anotamba. Uchadzidzawo chii vari mhando polyploidy.

Education polyploids

Chokutanga, anotiudza pamusoro chii chinorehwa neshoko iri husinganzwisisiki. Masero kana vanhu vane chiricho anopfuura maviri okutodza vanonzi polyploids. Polyploid masero vane pasi kakawanda dzinokonzerwa "zvikanganiso" mitosis. Izvi zvinoitika kana okutodza vakakamurwa, uye cytokinesis kunoitika. Saka masero ingangoumbwa pamusoro nekaviri nhamba okutodza (diploids). Kana vari nomunyika interphase, vachabatsirana, zvinogona kukonzera (pabonde kana asexually) vanhu vatsva vane masero achava okutodza kaviri sezvo vazhinji kupfuura vabereki vavo. Nokudaro, pfungwa inotungamirwa - ndiko polyploidy. Polyploid miti inogona kugadzirwa artificially kushandisa colchicine - alkaloid kudzivisa paumbwe mitotic chokurukisa kuburikidza nokukuvadzwa microtubule inotungamirwa.

ehupfumi polyploids

Izvi zvirimwa volatility kazhinji rakatetepa zvikuru kupfuura ukama diploid, nokuti mumwe Gene chinomiririrwa kanenge kaviri nhamba. Pamusoro cleavage of vana homozygous vamwe recessive Gene vanhu vanoumba chete 1/16 pachinzvimbo 1/4 mu diploids. (Vacho zvinofungirwa kuti kakawanda recessive alleles ndiyo 0.50.) Polyploidy chairwo selfing, zvimwe achidzikisa volatility zvavo, pasinei nokuti avo diploids kufanana advantageously kuyambuka mukume.

Apo pane polyploids

Saka, tine vakapindura mubvunzo, chii polyploidy. Asi apo pane miti yakadaro?

Vamwe polyploids vari nani dzakashandisa dzakaoma kana kutonhora kuvatumwa yepakutanga diploid chimiro, nepo vamwe vari nani unoenderana dzakananga ivhu mhando. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, vanogona kugadzirisa munzvimbo ine yokunyanyisa ezvinhu chokuvapo, umo madzitateguru avo diploid kunge akafa. Duku maitikiro zvaitika munyika dzakawanda dzinongoitika vanhu. Ndivo vakareruka kupfuura unoenderana diploids, kupinda outbreeding. Muchiitiko chino, achangogara angabudiswa yakaorera VaNefirimu. Kuderera polyploids chemasanganiswa mavambo inoumbwa doubling uwandu okutodza mune diploid chena VaNefirimu. Iyi ndiyo imwe nzira plodovistosti nokupora.

The rakanyorwawo nyaya polyploidy rokutanga

Saka, ishoma, kubudikidza polyploid VaNefirimu achiumbwa pakati radishes uye makabheji. Iri raiva rokutanga zvakanaka rakanyorwawo nyaya polyploidy. Zvose genera mumhuri ine crucifers uye zvine chokuita. In masero somatic , uye vaviri mhando okutodza ndiyo 18, uye vokutanga meiotic metaphase 9 nguva dzose kuona yegwara okutodza. Vamwe dambudziko, yakanga yaunganidzwa imwe chemasanganiswa pakati zvirimwa izvi. In meiosis, rakanga 18 unpaired okutodza (9 uye 9 kubva radish kubva makabheji) uye akanga zvachose chena. Pakati izvi mbesa vakaberekwa polyploidy nomuzvarirwo kuumbwa, panguva iyo mumasero somatic aiva okutodza 36 panguva meiosis uye aigara kuumbwa 18 nomwe. Nemamwe mashoko, polyploid chemasanganiswa akanga zvose 18 okutodza somunhu radish, uye makabheji uye kushanda zvakanaka. spachiana ichi chaiva iwane.

Polyploids-sora

Vamwe polyploids ungafanana sora mumunda chokuita nemabasa evanhu, uye dzimwe nguva havana kubudirira kubudirira kunoshamisa. Mumwe inozivikanwa muenzaniso - vagari munyu marshes ari genus Spartina. Humwe howa, S. maritima (yaifananidzira pazasi), chinowanika anezvimiti pamwe kumiganhu Europe uye Africa. Imwe mhando, S. alterniflora, wakatangwa kune UK iri kumabvazuva North America kunhivi 1800 uye zvadaro kupararira zvikuru, achiumba guru emo yaitongwa.

gorosi

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha polyploid chirimwa mapoka anogona kunzi egorosi Triticum (hunomirirwa pazasi) a mhando. Rakajairika munyika zviyo chirimwa - nyoro gorosi (T. aestivum) - ane 2n = 42. Soft gorosi yakatanga makore anenge 8.000 apfuura, zvichida muna Central Europe, somugumisiro dzinongoitika hybridization kuti kurimwa gorosi, izvo 2n = 28, aine nechipiriso dzomusango vakadarovo kuti vane 2n = 14. Wild uswa, zvichida akakura zvakafanana masora pakati pegorosi. Hybridization, chamuita kuti nyoro gorosi, aigona kuitika pakati polyploidy anozviratidza nguva nenguva ari nevanhu vaviri nevabereki kwemarudzi.

Kunenge kuti paakangoridza 42-chromosome gorosi wayo anobatsira nezviratidzo yakabuda munzvimbo varikumahombekombe varimi vokutanga, pakarepo vakaona uye akasarudzwa kuti zvimwe kurimwa. Mumwe wake kwevabereki siyana, 28-chromosome gorosi vazvinorimirwa, raiva nemhaka hybridization kwazvakaita maviri anopenga chromosome 14 kubva Middle East. Mhando gorosi, pamwe 2n = 28, uye iye zvino kuramba kukudziridzwa pamwe 42-chromosome. Kwakadaro gorosi chromosome 28 vari kwainyanya zviyo nokuda kweShanduro Pasta nokuda mukuru adhesiveness yacho puroteni. Pano basa reDare polyploidy.

Triticosecale

Ongororo Recent dzakaratidza kuti pemitsara itsva yaunganidzwa hybridization kunogona kuvandudza zvokurima kugadzirwa. Polyploidy mu chirimwa maberekero chinoshandiswa nevakawanda zvikuru. Kunyanya vaizotibata ndiye Triticosecale - boka manmade chemasanganiswa pakati gorosi (Triticum) uye rye (Secale). Vamwe vavo, kubatanidza zvibereko gorosi rye ruggedness, akatsiga zvikuru Linear ngura - chirwere, zvichiita kukuvara guru kurima. ehupfumi izvi zvinonyanya kukosha dzemakomo kumatunhu dzinopisa uye subtropics, apo Ngura - huru chinhu vakaomerwa kurima gorosi. zvino Triticosecale rapera pamwero uye akanga akakurumbira kwazvo muFrance uye dzimwe nyika. Yakakurumbira ane 42-chromosome mutsetse bota ichi. Yakanga yaunganidzwa doubling uwandu okutodza pashure hybridization kuti chromosome 28 Gorosi 14-chromosomal rye.

Kusiyana polyploids

Zvakasikwa, izvo vatora vakadhakwa nechitarisiko ezvinhu, kwete nokuti mabasa evanhu. pakuonekwa - chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha shanduka zvigadziriswe. Mazuvano vazhinji polyploid hunomirirwa kasvisto nyika (inopfuura hafu zvose yemiti). Pakati pavo vane zvakawanda zvinokosha zvirimwa - kwete gorosi chete, asiwo donje, shuga nomudonzvo, mabhanana, mbatatisi uye sunflower. To Pamazita ichi inogona kuwedzerwa yakaisvonaka bindu maruva - chrysanthemums, pansies, dahlias.

Zvino kuti unoziva polyploidy. basa rake mune zvokurima, sezvaungaona, chaizvo.