Chii pasi pfungwa anonzi tsaukana matanda? Pfungwa huru, uye huri pasi pose

Nyika ine idenderedzwa chimiro, kana kuti, zviri zvishoma flattened iri kumicheto panguva pfungwa dziri matanda ayo. Asi hazvisi kunyanya kuoneka panyika, nekuti zvinofungirwa kuti nyika - iri rinosvika, uye pamusoro waro rakundwa sezvo idenderedzwa.

Chichatara Earth meridians uye kufanana zvaiita kuti zvakarurama kuona Coordonatele chipi chinhu chinofamba (ndege, makore dutu), kana ani anopindura imwe nzvimbo munyika (guta, chitsuwa). Yakapa zvakawanda zvinobatsira chero zvinhu zvinofamba muchadenga. Pakuvamba, vanhu ngamirirwa nenyeredzi, pamusoro nzvimbo zuva mudenga. Haana chaiyoiyo kushandisa zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano, kunyange, kana iwe pakarepo ukaona pakachitsuwa mugwenga risina vanoshamwaridzana kwakadaro hwedu nzira - smartphones, mapiritsi, kemabhuku ukuwo, pasina mukana wokushandisa indaneti, pasina aidzidzisa, uye nezvimwe zvinhu, kuti kungava kuchenjera kuziva avo "zvakavaomera" nzira pakuverenga ari Coordinates.

Unogona kushandisa rwendo hurongwa, iyo vachapinda unodikanwa Coordonatele uye autopilot mano achava inokwanisa kufamba uko uchida, pasina munhu. Asi zvinhu zvokutanga pakutanga. Funga pfungwa huru uye sekamufarenzi ose pasi pose.

A zvishoma chenhau mashoko

Mibvunzo pamusoro Coordonatele hanya nevanhu pfungwa kwenguva refu, kunyange vasati munhambo yedu. Mutsindo masayendisiti munzira kuvandudzika rinoronga maitiro akanga Hipparchus uye Ptolemy. Vanhu ava vaigara rechipiri uye rokutanga BC, asi, zvakadaro, sezvo kuparadzana yakarurama anogona kuona Coordonatele chenyeredzi. Ndivo kukuru yaitonga ake, jogirafi simba uye asitironomi varume. Zvakanga avo akatanga pfungwa kuti isu zvino kureva sezvo rinoronga maitiro, uye basa ravo riri kare ava pachena kuti ichi nenzvimbo Coordinates. Panguva iyoyo, vanhu ava havana kuziva kuti Pasi inotenderera zuva. Hipparchus akanga aronga kuti pemvura yedu inogona kunzi ine rinosvika akakwana, uye muenzaniso kwayo achitizarurira zvingoro siyana pamusoro idenderedzwa geometry.

Globe - muenzaniso yakarurama vakawanda Earth

Zviri kuburikidza pasi, unogona kuziva nyore Coordonatele upi nyika, chitsuwa kana zvimwe chinhu. Uchibatsirwa ayo nyore nzira anoratidzwa chii chinoumba meridians uye kufanana nematanda Nzvimbo dzimwe pfungwa uye akarongwa pasi.

Nenzira, wokutanga pose akasikwa kare, kunyange pamberi nguva yedu, uye akariita Crates pamusoro Mallus muna 150 BC, panguva imwe chete, apo Hipparchus uye Ptolemy akararama. Chokwadi, nyika irege kuratidza zvose vaduku mashoko, asi vakawanda ambotirega tsanangura zvakakwana zvizere, inova nyika yedu, uye akaratidza zvakakwana, Somuenzaniso, chero pfungwa dzenyika inonzi Nzvimbo matanda,

On pose zviri nyore kuona kana paine nyika, gungwa, makungwa, makondinendi, kana kunyange nzvimbo kuzorodzwa yavo. Zvinoenderana nokuti vanoratidzwa musiki pane yose. Inogona, chete chikamu setsikawo enyika zviri makondinendi munyika uye chiratidzo guru zvinhu zvakadai mumakungwa. Ungangove, richava duku decoration yose. Kudzidzisa specimens ane zvakawanda ruzivo pamusoro Nzvimbo danda uye nenzvimbo nzvimbo upi venyika.

Kazhinji, pane parameters nhatu idzo zvaizobatsira Earth-batanidza zviri tsaukana nemashoko. Nokuti tarisai huru, mitsetse uye ndege pamusoro pepasi.

Chii akabatana paNyika

Pane kutora Nyika nokuda bhora, zvinova pachena kuti ane mutsetse yakadaro, riri stereometric hakusi richishanda. Chii? mutsetse ichi, rinova dhayamita, wokurarama pakavakirwa pave denderedzwagama rose bhora. Chii dhayamita tichienzanisa panyika anonzi akabatana. Izvi zvekufungidzira mutsetse, zvisina chokwadi, asi ikoko kuitika kutenderera zuva nezuva, uye zvinofungirwa kuti inopfuura nomunyika North uye South Poles.

Matanda ari Nyika

Chii pasi pfungwa anonzi tsaukana matanda? Kuti izvi ndizvo terrific inotonhora dongo nezasi nematanda. Yakasimba geometry ndiro rinonzi "nzvimbo danda" - pfungwa pane izvo akabatana (diagonal idenderedzwa muviri) paNyika intersects pamwe bhora. The yokupedzisira hazvisi pepasi.

Kuburikidza Matanda aya maviri meridians zvose, izvo tichakurukura pazasi.

Ndezvipi zvakafanana

Vawedzere anoonekwa somunhu rinosvika uye Nyika kunotsanangurwa kupfuura iyi zvinofanana. Kana taifunga kuti nyika, sezvinoita nyika, ndiyo musimboti, akabatana Nyika achapfuura napo uye ive mbiri dzakaenzana zvikamu, sezvo dhayamita pa radii.

Kana tikaswedera imwe ndege riri dzinoita kuti akabatana kurudyi, ipapo zvichava kuyambuka kukura kwebasa vamwe sekamufarenzi, i.e. panyika mutsetse yainzi dzakafanana. Parallel kuva mukuru dhayamita ichipfuura pakati Earth panyika, ndoupi denderedzwa mukuru uye neequator anonzi. It anokamura nokure huviri zvakaenzana hemispheres. All akafanana yeChina kuti vakasikwa ndege perpendicular kuti akabatana, anonziwo kufanana, asi zvidiki madenderedzwa ari tichienzanisa neequator. A mutsetse akagura Nzvimbo matanda, vanonzi meridians. Panzira, nemhaka neequator nyika yedu iri muzvikamu zviviri - nezasi. Saizvozvowo, pane tsaukana matanda kwakaitwa nyika, izvo ainzi maererano kana vari chero venyika.

Meridian

Kana iwe dzinopedza ndege kuburikidza ekisero pachayo uye kuburikidza namatanda, tinowana somugumisiro denderedzwa, unonzi "zvizere Meridian." meridians Vose vakafanana kureba sezvo yakarurama Pararira uye mbiri pfungwa iri ndege zvakasiyana. Chete kuchinja nzvimbo yavo.

, Negadziriro meridians uye kufanana, izvo zvinoratidzwa pamepu uye ari panyika ndiye dhigirii Network.

Chinhu maviri-dimensional, sezvo raanotaura vaviri chete Coordinates - the Coordonatele kuti rusununguko uye kufanana. Ndizvo Nzvimbo Coordinates? Izvi nhamba mbiri, nhamba Latitude uye Longitude. nhamba dzakadaro vane kukura pamwero uye maminitsi.

Pakutanga Nyaya yakataura kuti Pasi - kwete chaizvo basa rinosvika, aiva muduku flattened. Zvinorevei izvi? ikweta kureba 40,075.7 makiromita apo Meridian urefu - 40,008.5 makiromita. Danda zvishoma pedyo neequator, dzinenge pasi pose hakusi oneka chaizvo.

Ndege Nyika spheroid

Zviri avo ndege zvekufungidzira izvo zvinofanana kana perpendicular kuti panyika akabatana, chinokosha. Nzvimbo ndege iyo inopfuura nomunyika Meridian anonzi ukuwo, ari Meridian ndege Pasi. The kupfuura akakurumbira vavo - ndiyo Greenwich Meridian. Iye anokamura nyika kumabvazuva uye kumadokero hemispheres. Ndege Main kuti ichipfuura neequator enyika uye runoparadzanisa muzvikamu zviviri - Northern uye Southern Hemisphere.

Initial bhuku mutsetse

Coordinates All vari rinowanikwa nokushandisa chakaipa rakasimba geometry. Yasarudzwa bhuku nguva, asi, Munongedzo Meridian uye yakafanana panotaurwa kubva yatiri pakuverenga ari Coordonatele upi nzvimbo Panyika. Zero Meridian uyo ichipfuura London akasarudzwa, kureva, kuburikidza Greenwich Observatory. Somunhu mutsetse zvokuti kuva mabviro Latitude, izvozvo vakasarudza kutora wakarebesa Meridian - neequator.

An dzinonakidza chokwadi pamusoro Greenwich Meridian. Pane hurongwa appropriation zvimwe Coordonatele, uye inonzi World Geodetic System-84, kana rakapfupikiswa sezvo WGS-84 (84 - gore wokugamuchirwa wegadziriro), iro rinoshandiswa nenzira yose, uye umo zero Meridian iri anovenga Reference Meridian, vakapfuura pedyo Greenwich, chete chisina kutsetseka maminitsi 5,31 kumabvazuva.

Ndezvipi akarongwa Earth zvinopa Latitude uye Longitude

Vana kuchikoro kazhinji kuvhiringidzwa izvi pfungwa - the meridians uye kufanana kuti ndiye paupamhi, uye kuti Longitude. Saka, neequator - ndiwo mabviro Latitude, zvino kana Greenwich Meridian ndiye pokutangira mutsetse kuti kuverenga pamusoro Longitude.

Geographical nzvimbo inogona netsika kubva 0 90 inegumi. Zvichienderana iro divi neequator iri pfungwa, zviri basa iri kukosha Latitude kuchamhembe kana kumaodzanyemba. Saka, Somuenzaniso, New York ane Latitude 40 madhigirii maminitsi 43 kuchamhembe rusununguko, uye Sydney ndiyo 33 madhigirii maminitsi 52 kumaodzanyemba Latitude. Zvakanyorwa sezvinotevera: ⁴⁰ ° 43 ', ³³ 52'.

Saizvozvowo, nenzvimbo Longitude. Rinogonawo rinowanikwa nokushandisa madhigirii, maminitsi uye akarurama ane Longitude tsika siyana 0 kusvika 180 inegumi. Zvingava Western, kana mukaramba kuenda kumadokero mukuru Meridian uye kumabvazuva (akafanana - kumabvazuva mukuru Meridian).

Sepakutanga akaratidza, zero Meridian ichipfuura Greenwich uye ane ukoshi 0 inegumi. Uye chii Nyika pfungwa dzinonzi tsaukana matanda panyika uye chii munzvimbo dzavo? Ndidzo pfungwa zvine tsika mapfumbamwe inosiyana Latitude uye inosiyana Longitude razero.

To muchidimbu

Panyika, uyewo pamusoro musango, pane zvinokosha pfungwa, mitsetse uye ndege. Chii pasi pfungwa inonzi tsaukana mapango, hatina kare apindura. Ndiyo pfungwa kuburikidza iyo akabatana kuti diurnal kutenderera Nyika. Kana ndege ichipfuura akabatana ichi uye chinoyambuka Nzvimbo matanda, anoumba mharadzano pakati nokure Pasi, makatumidzwa meridians.

Pane razero Meridian achipfuura muLondon, uye nevamwe vakawanda, vane divi anosvika 180 madhigirii (pangava zvinenge 180). Kana mamwe ndege ichipfuura paNyika akabatana kuti kutenderera, kureva perpendicular kwachiri, mharadzano zvavo nokure ndiye Earth dzakafanana. Parallel, ine mukuru Latitude anonzi neequator. Ndiye panotaurwa chikuru nokuda Latitude. Coordinates Vose akayera pamwero uye zvikamu zviduku - maminitsi, seconds. Mune imwe dhigirii chine maminitsi makumi matanhatu, uye mune miniti rimwe - makumi matanhatu seconds. of times maviri anoshandiswa kuratidza mumasekonzi (akadai kuratidza maminitsi).