Vintage dzakabatana: mazita. Vintage kureba zvidzidzo

Munyika yanhasi unyanzvi mashoko anoshandiswa kuyera urefu, vhoriyamu, uremu. Tsika idzi zvinooneka zvakawanda zviri zvakajeka mune iiswe dzakabatana. Kusati kwatombova yaidzorwa zvinodiwa kuona kukura zvinhu kana kure yekare chairema yakayerwa kushandiswa.

nyaya

Vanhu nedanho upenyu, mauto, uye zvokutengeserana kwenguva refu aifanira kuona kwazvo nenhumbi mu exchange, kuverenga nzvimbo munyika kuyera madaro pakati pamaguta, shandisa kukura pakuvaka indasitiri. Rakarurama tsika vakawana tichibatsirwa matanho yekare, zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti iko. Mukuru chikwata tsika - ava kuzviitira mitemo, mu pfungwa murume ano iri zvachose musoro wayo upenzi.

Somuenzaniso, eJapan "bhiza-shangu" - iyo bhiza yave zvaipfekwa mashanga chidhongi; Siberian "Beech" - mari naro ziso munhu haachagoni musiyano nyanga nzombe; "Matanho" Greek - daro akafamba leisurely tifambirane pamusoro nguva kubva pakutanga mambakwedza zvizere chitarisiko kwezuva pamusoro jengachenga; Persian "farce" - chiyero urefu, iyo inogona kupedzwa neawa.

YaMakoronike vekare akaudzwa pamusoro chii chikwata wekare yakayerwa yaishandiswa madzitateguru edu. Kuti uone kushandiswa kuti hwagara naye, uye angadaro nechiyero chimwe. Sezvo tambo mudziyo akashandisa nhengo dzemuviri uye mumuviri ayo zvimwe: danho, tsama, kugokora, span, vakati vapfuura, tsoka, padiki.

Rus yekare

Nokuti Russia yekare kunoratidzwa anotsanangura mashoko nokuda kure kutsunga -. "Dombo rapotserwa", "museve kutiza," "zuva rwendo" tsika izvi zvakagadzirwa chete anoshanda kune imwe tsime, vapari vemhosva mabasa aya. Pakanga pane mamwewo chizvarwa Russian yekare chairema urefu. Field - daro 20 makiromita, - akarondedzera Epifanii Wise. Quarter - hafu hectare - kushandiswa pasi Ivan anotyisa.

Historical metrology - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza rekare chairema nokuyerwa chaiko zvakawanda. The hurongwa yakayerwa chikwata matanho yekare haana hazvo vakaverengwa grade tsika. Vamwe tsika anogona kuenzaniswa imwe:

• tsoka nomwe - zvakaenzana 3 mamita ane,
• padiki - 4 nemainji,
• gokora - 2 padiki,
• Chivanze - 2 kugokora
• verst - 500 mamita.

Kuti tidzivise kuvhiringidzika, paiva chaiyo mazita, makubhiti nhamba yave vakanyorwa. Zvisinei, havana haigoni kubatwa somunhu mumwe nyaya nekuti kunyange span anogona dzinosiyana kukura. Old chairema yakayerwa muviri zvakawanda nenzvimbo misoro chaizvo list, zvakaoma kunzwisisa munhu ano. Ancient kuverengwa chiyero - gumi nevaviri emiti (12 inokwana zviyero), kashanu makumi mana Sable (zvidimbu 200), uremu (144 dhazeni) - mazuva ano zvinogona anomirirwa muchimiro zvatinosiita grade hurongwa.

Kuunza chipimo mitemo muRussia

Old dzakabatana muRussia zvaishandiswa munyaya zvose mabasa evanhu. Kutanga kubva XVI remakore Russia akaedza nepatinobvumirana tsika hurongwa. Muzana XVIII remakore chokuita kukura dzimwe zvokutengeserana zvaaifanira zvakarurama kudzora matanho. Zvakaitika kuti kusiyana kuripo vamapoka zviyero, pakusikwa zvinodiwa kwacho hakusi nyore. Pakazosvika 1736, ari Hurumende weSeneti akaumba neKomiti muzviyereso vachitungamirirwa Count Golovkin, apo matanho vanoita kunge akaendeswa akamisa basa grade musimboti yakayerwa tsika.

Panguva iyoyo, mari vavatorwa simbi dzinokosha pachikero pamusoro zvichiita kupinda tsika uye kana kupinda mints - mukanyiwa vose vanowana zvakasiyana. Scale muenzaniso St. Petersburg Tsika, kuendeswa kune weSeneti, zvave kururama kuti bhuku waungapa. Peter I mutsetse akatorwa somunhu wakanaka mwero urefu. Tsika Chetverik Moscow akataura imwe nzenza chiito.

Yunifomu maitiro yakayerwa muEurope uye Russia

Kunyange paitonga Peter Mukuru Russian chikamu akatora Chirungu arşive hurongwa. Metrological kuchinja rakagamuchirwa kuti pave dzakawanda wezvokutengeserana uye zvikepe, kunyanya kushandiswa netsoka, makubhiti uye masendimita awana shipbuilding. Under Nicholas I chirevo rakagamuchirwa muna October 1835, iyo akatanga Russian mamiriro muzviyereso. Pakapera May 1875 nevamiririri venyika Tsarist Russia yakabvuma kuti Meter Convention. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev wakayeriswa hanya zvikuru kuti basa riri mutemo pamusoro arşive hurongwa, izvo chete muna 1917 zvakazivikanwa sezvo tichisunga.

January 1, 1927 zvatsiviwa muNuremberg weighting ezvinhu anoshandiswa vemishonga, kune arşive hurongwa.

Matanho Ancient muna ngano uye mabasa

Zvakafanana nokutaura mashoko ano Russian mutana dzakabatana, uye rinoratidza mashoko avo vakachengetedzwa muna mashoko kuri nomumukanwa ngano:

• Tsamba makuru - guru nyora,
• shasha - nechiidzo mupfungwa,
• Kolomna verst - munhu murefu kwazvo,
• oblique tsoka nomwe panguva pamafudzi - murume zvinesimba akavaka,
• kubva mugate nemasendimita maviri - chiduku kukura.

Tsanangudzo rekare kazhinji kuwanikwa mumabhuku kuti dzinorondedzera munhau ari nhetembo uye dzechembere.

urefu

chikwata Ancient urefu yaishandiswa Russia kubvira kuitwa nechirevo muna 1835 uye kukwira kusvikira 1917:

• Munwe - anenge 2 masendimita,
• nokot - zvishoma kupfuura 1 sendimita,
• padiki - anenge 4.5 masendimita,
• kota - 17.8 cm
• Elbow - maererano nokufungidzira siyana kubvira 38 kusvika 47 masendimita,
• Chivanze - 71,12 masendimita,
• rutsoka - vanenge 30.5 masendimita,
• tsoka nomwe - 2.14 meters (kuparadzana yakaitwa pamusoro oblique sazhen -2,5 metres uye flywheel - 1.76 mamita)
• 1 maira pamusoro - 1,07 makiromita.

Vamwe matanho zvidzidzo vakanga yakaitwa namadzibaba edu kuziva nzvimbo. Izvi mumuviri zvakawanda zvinoshandiswa kuona kukura panyika, kuvakwa, zvoupengo. Uyewo, nhamba idzi dzinoshumira chiyereso nokuda kukarukureta kwemitero panyika. The yakakurumbira chiito nharaunda, mazita anogona kuwanikwa charters yekare - iri mativi makiromita, gejo, kota, chegumi.

Zviduku chikwata rekare urefu yaishandiswa vemazuva metrology mutsetse. Hwaro tsika yatorwa gorosi zviyo. Nhamba iyi anenge 2,5 mm.

vhorumu

Vintage chikwata nokuti granular uye mvura miviri anonzi chingwa newaini matanho. Kare XV remakore, akashandisa zvinoshamisa golvazhnya (munyu mudziyo), Lucknow uye cleanings (zviyo). Zvichienderana nzvimbo yomugariro kusiyane Vyatskaya chingwa the marten, Smolensk mudende saptsa Perm, akwegura Russian bast uye Poshev.

Muupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye zvokutengeserana kuyera kuparadzwa Household Ware: boilers, yendiro, zvirongo, nehari, tubs, Bratina, Konovko. Inogona tsika dzakadaro dzaisiyana pamusoro rebei siyana: asi bhaira aigona kubva 20 kusvika poluvedra migomo.

uremu

Rus Ancient matanho raisanganisira hwakare nevazhinji dzakabatana, pasina iro zvakanga zvisingaiti kuramba kutengesa ukama. Pakati pavo:

1. Grand - 0.062 magiramu, kemisiti vakawanda chikwata.
2. Vangapiwa - 4.266 magiramu, sezvinoita uremu chairema akapukunyuka kusvikira muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri, akanga akaenzana eponymous mari.
3. Wechisere - 50 magiramu, zita raro, ichi mwero uremu akatora 1/8 kukosha paundi.
4. Roti - 12,797 magiramu, akanga akaenzana matatu vangapiwa.
5. Pound - 410 magiramu, pakutanga kunzi emo mari. Ndiro huru chairema vakawanda chitoro uye raanoziva nyaya vakasvika 96 vangapiwa, yaishandiswa kuona kurema anokosha simbi.
6. Pud - LBS 40, 16,38 makirogiramu. Zvinozivikanwa kuti kushandisa ichi mwero uremu vave kwakauraya kubvira muzana remakore rechi12. Rakanga repealed chete muna 1924
7. Batman - 4.1 makirogiramu.
8. Berkovets - 163,8 makirogiramu, hombe mwero uremu nokuda Wholesale kutengeserana. Bjork kunobva Chiwi. Zvakanga yakaenzana 10 pudam. Zvinonzi anozivikanwa anotaura ichi chiyero ari bumbiro chakaitwa XII remakore.

mutauro Foreign chipimo matanho

In upenyu ano, nemhaka nokuyerwa mamiriro vari kilogram, mutinhimira uye wechipiri. tsika iyi vanoziva uye yakavimbika. Zvisinei, kare chairema yakayerwa mu wefizikisi rinoshandisirwa nedzimwe nyika kusvikira ikozvino.

The British maitiro:

1. yemafuta British - vanenge 0.57 litres.
2. FL oz - 30 Rine mamiririta.
3. Bharero - nokuti zvakasiyana zvinhu akasiyana insignificantly vhoriyamu iri pamusoro 159 litres. Inogona kushanda nechiyero uwandu mafuta aizivikanwawo doro, "French", "Chirungu" dhiramu.
4. Carat - 0.2 magiramu. Rinoshandiswa kuziva guru matombo anokosha.
5. Paaunzi - 28,35 magiramu. Unoshandiswa kuyera uremu zvinokosha simbi.
6. paundi British - 0,45 makirogiramu.

Chinese matanho:

1. 1 Do - 576 metres.
2. 1 Liang - 37.3 magiramu.
3. 1 fen - 0.32 cm.

Kubvira munguva dzekare, vanhu inoda kwegadziriro nokuyerwa siyana chaiko zvakawanda. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kuyera uremu uye vhoriyamu, kuziva daro, kuziva nguva. Kukosha kuyerwa yakarurama yakawedzera pamwe kukura kwenzanga. New anoreva nokuyerwa tsika, asi kazhinji mabhuku kana mukutaura kwezuva nezuva chakapenya matanho yekare zvinoshandiswa muupenyu hwemazuva ano. Zivo tsika yekare kuti anoratidza arşive data, vachibvumira kuchengetedza nhoroondo.