Hurumende Seneti: mashandiro. Creation weSeneti

Munguva Petra Velikogo muRussia akazviratidza Government Seneti. Mumakore maviri akatevera emakore, simba paruzhinji ichi nguva zhinji reformatted maererano nechido mumwe mambo.

The chidzoke weSeneti

Hurumende Seneti akasikwa Peter I se "yakachengeteka chairarirwa" iri huye kubva wamambo guru. Mambo aizivikanwa nokuda rinoita hunhu - akanga parwendo nguva, ndokusaka mamiriro muchina wake asipo aigona kuva simbe kwemwedzi. Yaiva kutarisana mutengo absolutism. Chaizvoizvo Petro aiva chete zimukadzimu ehurumende simba guru.

Chepakutanga Government Seneti (1711) akauya shamwari yepedyo uye vabatsiri vamambo, uyo ndechake ake chivimbo-refu. Pakati pavo, Peter Golitsyn, Mihail Dolgorukov Gregory Volkonsky uye nevamwe vakuru vakuru.

Creation weSeneti pasi Peter 1 kwakaitika munguva apo pakanga pasina kuparadzana zvakajeka masimba Russia (kwawo, Executive uye zvemitemo). Naizvozvo, kuwanda masimba muviri dzichichinja zvichienderana ezvinhu uye zvakakodzera.

In ake zvarayirwa Peter rokutanga vakuru akataura kuti kubhadhara ngwariro chaiyo hurumende chezvipo, zvokutengeserana uye nemidziyo. Zvakakosha kuti nzvimbo iyi kumbove kushorwa mambo. Panguva iyo Russian museneti akanga akasiyana zvachose chete zita iri muviri pedyo kwePoland kana Sweden. Pane imwe yunivhesiti yakadaro anomiririrwa zvinodiwa vakakwirira, izvo zvinogona kuita mutemo mambo wavo.

Kudyidzana pamwe neyenyika

Kubvira pakutanga kwayo, Hurumende museneti akashanda kumatunhu. Huge Russia agara aida anobudirira hurongwa pamwe pakati enyika uye guru. Pasi vatsivi Peter akanga akaoma rezvebonde varayirwa. Nezvokumutswa huru-pamwero zvinhu munyaya zvose zvoupenyu, vakarega kuva kunobatsira.

Kuti Peter akasika province. Mumwe administrative sangano Akagamuchira maviri Commissioner. machinda aya kushanda zvakananga weSeneti, uye vakaratidza kufarira St. Petersburg Province. Tichibatsirwa pamusoro kuchinja Emperor wakashamira kukura kwebasa kuzvitonga muna enyika.

Fiscals uye Vachuchisi

Chokwadi, pakusikwa weSeneti vaisagona kuita pasina pakagadzwa namagwatidziro matsva chokuita basa rake. Pamwe chete nhengo itsva yakaonekwa sneaks. machinda aya akanga vatariri vamambo. Ivo aidzora basa nemasangano uye nechokwadi kuti vose mirayiridzo namambo akaita chaizvo kune rokupedzisira Handimupinduri.

Kuvapo sneaks kwakakonzera dzevanhu. Murume, uyo aiva nesimba zvakadaro, aigona kushandisa chinzvimbo chake kuti azvipfumise. kokutanga havana kunyange kurarama yaidzorwa chirango nokuda kwehasha kwenhema. In svyazi with neodnoznachnoy fiskalov sluzhboy in russkom yazyke it word poluchilo second negativnoe leksicheskoe znachenie donoschika uye yabedy.

Kunyange zvakadaro, kusikwa this post aiva zvakakodzera nechiyero. The musori mukuru (chief musori) aigona vanoda kutsanangurirwa chero mukuru Seneti. Nokuda kuti mamiriro ezvinhu aya ose anokudzwa, zvisinei kukwirira kwenzvimbo yake, akaziva kuti kwake kwesimba kunogona kuiparadza. Fiscals dzaiwanika kwete chete muSt Petersburg, asiwo enyika (dzematunhu-fiscals).

nokukurumidza, pakusikwa weSeneti akaratidza kuti simba voruzhinji havagoni kushanda zvinobudirira nokuti mukurwisana pakati vakuru. Kazhinji havana kuuya rwakafanana pfungwa, vakapfuura avo nharo pamunhu, uye zvichingodaro. D. Iri kudziviswa basa rose midziyo. Petro muna 1722 akasika pambiru Gavhuna-General, razova munhu mukuru ari Seneti. Akanga ari "zambuko" pakati mambo uye mumaguta tsika.

Munguva wamambo the

Pashure pokufa autocrat basa weSeneti kokutanga zvakakomba rakaderedzwawo. Izvi zvakaitika nokuti yakanga anosimbisa Supreme achizivawo Council, iro akagara vairemekedzwa zvinotevera Catherine I uye Peter II. Akava rinogona kutsiva weSeneti uye zvishoma nezvishoma akatora pamusoro masimba ake.

Elizaveta Petrovna pashure accession chake pachigaro kudzorera yekare. The Seneti razova zvakare huru rinotonga kupfungwa umambo, akanga omurume zvechiuto uye wengarava purangazve.

Catherine II nadzurudzo

Saka, chii vari mabasa vanorovedzwa Hurumende museneti, tinonzwisisa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti izvi hazvina kufanana of Catherine II. Mambokadzi mutsva akasarudza zvinhu. Tsika yacho rakakamurwa madhipatimendi matanhatu, mumwe basa chairo zvezvinotaurwa ehurumende mabasa. chiyero Izvi zvakabatsira kuti dzimwe chaizvo delineate namasimba Seneti.

The dhipatimendi yokutanga vaiita pezviri zvematongerwo enyika, wechipiri - dare. Third - enyika, izvo vaiva chinzvimbo chinokosha (Estonia, Livonia uye Little Russia), wechina - muchiuto uye mugungwa zvenyika. masangano aya vaiva St. Petersburg. Vaviri vasara vaiva vatariri Moscow dhipatimendi roruvanze uye yaiona zvenyika. Hezvi mabasa hwapihwa Hurumende Seneti pasi Catherine II.

Empress zvakare kunowedzerwa zvikuru zvinoitwa Attorney-General basa madhipatimendi zvose. Panguva yaitonga romuzinda the , pambiru akarasikirwa kwayo aimbova kukosha. Ekaterina anoda kuramba zvose pasi pesimba uye nokudaro akadzorera sezvairayirwa Petro autocracy.

Paitonga pfupi kwemwanakomana wake Paul Seneti zvakare akarasikirwa dzakawanda kodzero dzavo. mambo mutsva aiva vakanyumwa. Haana kuvimba madzishe, uyo nevakange vamwe simba uye anoedza kubatsira mhaka yavose sarudzo.

Muzana XIX remakore

Sezvo akanga ari chaizvo kuguma kwayo ariko (pamberi chimurenga), Government Seneti yakavhurwa paitonga Alexander I. Panguva iyoyo zvematongerwo enyika akaita akagadzikana umambo. Akamira yamambo the, uye nhaka paakaenda musoro kurega kuva rotari.

Alexander zvichida chainyanya nevanhu pfungwa Russian mambo. Akamuka maoko avo pamusoro mamiriro, kushanda yechinyakare zvigadziriswe izvo raizofanira kuchinjwa nokukurumidza. Mambo mutsva vakanzwisisa kuti pakusikwa weSeneti (1711-fung gore) akanga zvinosiyana vavariro dzakanaka, asi akanzwa kuti mumakore muviri ichi varasikirwa kukosha kwayo uye akava pathetic kutevedzera pachake.

Pakarepo pashure chitarisiko chake pachigaro cheushe, Alexander I muna 1801 chirevo umo akapa vakuru vakuru kushanda sangano iri, kuti ape pakuvaka dzavo kuuya kuchinja. Mwedzi mishomanana paiva chinoshingaira kukurukurwa basa reformatting weSeneti. The yaikurukura wakapindwa nenhengo chakavanzika komiti - young vairemekedzwa, shamwari uye shamwari Alexander mune zvakawanda wemavambo ake.

budiriro

MaSeneta vakagadzwa rake pambiru neDare Emperor pachake. Vaikwanisa kuva chete machinda nemakirasi matatu okutanga (maererano Zviri pamisara). Tichingotarisa, kuti Seneta aigona nokubatanidza inokosha nzvimbo pamwe umwe. Somuenzaniso, kururamisa ichi rinowanzoshandiswa nyaya hondo.

Kukurumidza kugadzirisa imwe nyaya vakaitwa pamadziro imwe dhipatimendi. Panguva iyoyowo, nguva nenguva vakabata vakawanda kumusangano iyo nhengo dzose weSeneti chipo. Chirevo, ndokupfuura mumuviri uyu vaisagona chete ogadzirisa Emperor.

mabasa

isu rangarira Regai, Government Seneti akasikwa mune gore. Ndizvozvo, muna 1711, uye kubvira ipapo akatanga zviremera vaigara akatora mugove mutemo. Nokufamba dzayo zvinhu, Alexander I kusikirwa chinangwa ichi rinokosha sangano - Dare State. Zvisinei, dare aigona achiri kutanga mitemo gwaro uye zvamaronga kuti inonyanya hanya kwavari rezvemitemo, ndiye vo XIX remakore kukabatanidzwa yakare pambiru Gavhuna-General hutsva.

Panguva iyoyo iri nzvimbo Bazi mapuranga zvakasikwa. Pakutanga kwaiva nevamwe nyongano pamusoro poukama itsva Executive masangano uye Seneti. Masimba masangano ose, ave pakupedzisira rakazivikanwa pakazopera rokutonga Alexander I.

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha mashandiro weSeneti yakatanga basa rayo pamwe Treasury. It verifies kuti bhajeti madhipatimendi, uye vakaudza dare simba chikwereti uye kushaya mari. Uyezve, dare hwakaiswa pamusoro hushumiri kugadzirisa interagency makakatanwa pamusoro pfuma. simba paruzhinji ichi anofanira chengetedza mumhuri zvokutengeserana, vakagadzwa vehurumende. MaSeneta vaiva armorial Empire (nokuti dhipatimendi chinokosha ichi akanga kunyange akasikwa).

Zvinorehwa weSeneti yayo abolition

Peter ndaifanira ezvinhu sangano kuti vaizotsiviwa nokuda nguva yokusava pabasa guru. mambo Izvi zvakabatsira kusikwa weSeneti. Musi panowanikwa pambiru Gavhuna-General (1722) Uyewo vaiona musi Muchuchisi Hofisi muRussia.

Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva mashandiro weSeneti achinja. Varikutonga vakuru Bazi haana guru, asi vakanga inokosha rukoko pakati vakawanda mapuranga (gare gare Ministries).

Vakakurumbira kukosha munyaya weSeneti aiva mudare. Izvi chikumbiro vakadirana vachibva munyika yose. The Seneti akanyora vasingagutsikani dzematunhu Vachuchisi uye vabati. murayiro uyu yakavhurwa mushure nezvakatongwa kuchinja Alexander II muna 1860s.

Apo Russian Bolsheviks vakasvika simba, vaiva mumwe rokutanga mitemo yayo akarambidza mabasa weSeneti. Yakanga chirevo roruvanze nhamba 1, vakagamuchirwa musi 5 December 1917.