Russian Empress Catherine I. Makore hurumende, mudzimba uye dzimwe negwaro kuchinja

Pasinei chokwadi kuti masayendisiti akawanda zvakakomba nharo basa mukana munhau, unogona kurambwa kuti Catherine I akakwira Russian pachigaro zvikurukuru netsaona. Mitemo iri refu - zvishoma kupfuura makore maviri. Kunyange zvakadaro, kunyange zvakadaro pfupi yokutonga, iye akaramba munhau sezvo wokutanga Empress.

Of washerwomen muna Empress

March Skavronskaya, huchakurumidza ngakuzivikanwe nyika sezvo Empress Catherine 1, akaberekwa musi nharaunda yanhasi Lithuania, munyika Livonia, muna 1684. mashoko akarurama pamusoro wake muduku ikoko. Kazhinji, ramangwana Catherine 1, ane Biography iri nani zvakawanda uye dzimwe nguva dzinopikisana, maererano imwe shanduro, akaberekerwa mumhuri murimi mudiki. Vabereki vake nokukurumidza vakafa nedenda, uye musikana akatumwa mumba mufundisi ari murandakadzi. Maererano neimwe shanduro, Marta akararama kwemakore gumi nemaviri namainini vake, uye ipapo akazviratidza mhuri mupristi womunharaunda, raiva basa uye dzidza kuverenga uye romuruki. Masayendisiti vachiri kuvabvunzeiko apo remangwana Ekaterina 1 akazvarwa.

Biography

Uye kwakabva Russian Empress wokutanga, uye musi uye nzvimbo yokuberekerwa yayo achiri asina yakatangwa dzakaitika Russian. zvakajeka More zvichidzika ari historiography akasimbisa shanduro, achiratidza kuti akanga ari mwanasikana Baltic murimi mudiki Samuila Skavronskogo. Mugore Catholic kutenda vakabhabhatidzwa musikana kunyange vabereki, akamupa zita Martin. Maererano nedzimwe mishumo, iye akamutswa muna Marienburgskom hostel, pasi pokudzora Pastor Gluck.

Future Catherine I haana mudzidzi akanaka. Asi kuti iye aiva kunoshamisa maitikiro dzinosiyana Cavaliers. Kune mashoko kuti Marta akava napamuviri imwe jendurumani, akabereka mwanasikana. Pastor akakwanisa kumuroora, asi murume, uyo aiva of the dragoon Swedish, nokukurumidza akanyangarika pasina zvikasawanirwa panguva Northern War.

Mushure kubatwa pakati neguta reMarienburg Russian March, achiva "muhondo", apo muridzi dzisiri basa mukuru, uye gare gare, muna August 1702 wokutanga, akanga ari mudungwe wemabhazi Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev. Iye makwapa naye, akatora kuna vachigadzira mukadzi wake - a washerwoman, papera tama A. Menshikov. Izvi ndipo akabata ziso Peter I.

Biographers mhuri Russian youmambo vachiri kushamisika chii zvinogona vakabata mambo. Pashure pezvose, runako Martha akanga. Zvisinei, nokukurumidza yakava mumwe mistresses ake.

1 Peter uye Catherine 1

In 1704th muna March, maererano netsika Orthodox, ndakabhabhatidzwa pasi zita Catherine I. Pakazosvika nguva akanga ava nepamuviri. Future Empress akabhabhatidzwa Tsarevich Alexei. Ndiani akakwanisa nyore kuchinja ezvinhu ose, Catherine kumbofa kuvapo kwake pfungwa. Akadzidzira hunhu wakaisvonaka uye tsika Peter, vakava zvakakodzera nomufaro naye, uye mugomo. Muna March 1705 yechipiri vaiva vanakomana vaviri. Zvisinei, ramangwana Catherine I ndichiri akaramba kugara mumba Menshikov muSt Petersburg. In 1705th ramangwana Empress yakanga yaiswa mumba hanzvadzi yamambo Natalia Alekseevna. Pano vasina washerwoman kutanga kudzidza kuverenga nokunyora. Maererano nedzimwe mishumo, munguva iyi ramangwana Catherine I dzokubatanidza munhu zvakakwana hwepedyo Menshikov.

Zvishoma nezvishoma, ukama namambo akava pedyo chaizvo. Izvi runoratidzwa nomutsamba kwavo muna 1708. Peter aiva mistresses zhinji. Iye kunyange akakurukura navo Catherine, asi iye akaita haana kuzvidzwa, kuedza kuchinja wamambo vachida uye yavasingazoshiviriri pandinotsamwirwa ake hasha inova chikamu. Aive pedo panguva yake zvipusha nezvipusha, kuvaudzawo zvose matambudziko upenyu mumusasa uye chinyararire akatendeukira kupinda mukadzi chaiyo amambo. Uye apo zvakananga mubasa mhinduro dzakawanda nyaya enyika pamusoro ramangwana Catherine ndakaedza, asi mambo aiva simba guru.

Kubva 1709-vakasuwa zviri kwose kwose achiperekedzwa Peter, kusanganisira nzendo zvose. Panguva Prut danidziro 1711, apo mauto eRussia takakombwa kuti vakaponeswa murume kwete chete wake ramangwana, asiwo hondo, achipa Turkish vizier zvose zvishongo wake kumunyengetedza kusaina chibvumirano.

muchato

On adzokera guru, ramakumi maviri February 1712, Peter uye Catherine 1 1 akaroora. Nechekare akaberekwa nguva mwanasikana wavo Anna, uyo akazova mudzimai Duke pakati Holstein, uye Elizabeth - yemberi Empress, pazera matatu uye makore mashanu, pamuchato paatari zvakatevera vakadzi. The muchato akatora nzvimbo dzinenge pakavanda chapero duku, raiva Prince Menshikov.

Kubvira panguva iyoyo Ndakawana Catherine pachivanze. Akatanga kugamuchira senhume vavatorwa kunosangana madzimambo akawanda European. Sezvo mudzimai wamambo muvandudzi, Ekaterina Velikaya - 1st Russian Empress - pamusoro simba kwokutenda kwavo uye kutsungirira hakusi muduku murume. Munguva kubva 1704 ST kuti 1723rd akabereka vana gumi Zvisinei, Peter, vakawanda vavo akafa mucheche. Saka kakawanda pamuviri haana kurambidza naye kuenda murume wake nzendo dzake zhinji: zvinogona kugara mutende uye hope uri mukukutu mubhedha, kwete zvishoma Kugunun'una.

makodzero

Muna 1713, Peter I, uyo akarumbidza inokudzwa maitiro wake panguva kukundikana nokuti Russian Prut rutsigiro, akatanga Order of St. Catherine. Iye pachake zviratidzo pamusoro wake muna November 1714 ndipo. It pakutanga rainzi Order of Liberation uye akanga chete aida Catherine. On zvemashoko mukadzi munguva kurwara-fated Prut Campaign, Peter ndakayeuka muna Manifesto yake kugadza wake muna November 1723rd. Vatorwa vane pfungwa kunofanira kuva zvose kuitika Russian dare, vachibvumirana akacherechedza yamambo rudo nokuda Empress. Uye panguva Persian pamushandirapamwe muna 1722 Catherine kunyange akaveura musoro wake uye vakatanga kupfeka Grenadier chivharo. Akapedza nomurume achimisa revarwi, kusiya zvakananga kuhondo.

zuva December 1721 bhodhi weSeneti uye Revafundisi yeRussian Empress Catherine maviri wechitatu akabvuma. Kunyanya wake kugadza muna May 1724 yokutanga paakatumwa korona, iyo ine runako rwayo akapfuura korona yamambo. Panotangira mukadzi Kesari unhu Peter pachake dzateyiwa.

asian

Opinions chii kunze raiva Catherine, dzinopesana. Kana pfungwa murume wake zvakavapoteredza, maonero yose yakanaka, asi mukadzi, kubata nayo norusaruro, vakatenda kwaari pfupi, mukobvu uye dema. Zvechokwadi, pakuonekwa Empress haana kuita zvakawanda vavafadze. Akanga chete kutarira kwaari kuti kucherechedza mavambo wake pasi. The pfeka iye vaipfeka aiva manyorero ndezvechinyakare, sheathed zvakakwana sequins zvesirivha. It kwagara mapazi kuti raiva kumberi iri yakashongedzwa nomusoni akaita anokosha kubva pakutanga mufanidzo iri muchimiro maviri-vakananga egondo. On mambokadzi vaigara akaturika Order, gumi nevaviri diki mifananidzo uye mazango. upfumi zvose izvi paaipfuura, rwakabva rwarira.

mutsara

Mumwe wevanakomana vavo - Peter, uyo, shure abdication yamambo wenhaka mukuru Evdokia Lopukhina nezvomunda 1718 pamutemo prestolonasledovatelem, muna 1719-M akafa. Naizvozvo mambo chete muvandudzi yake mudzimai kuona mutsivi wake ramangwana. Asi mumatsutso 1724 ari Empress wokutanga, Peter vaifungidzirwa hurumende pamwe kamera-kadheti raiva Mons. Akauraya wokupedzisira, uye akarega kutaura wake: haana kutaura, uye kuwana nayo hakubvumidzwi. Passion vamwe vaibata inotyisa kurwadzisa kuna mambo, akatsamwa akabvarura kuda umo choushe akapfuura wake.

Uye kamwe pazuva yakajeka zvinokumbirwa mwanasikana wake Elizabeth, Peter akabvuma zvemasikati Catherine - mukadzi aiva shamwari yake vasingasiyani uye mubatsiri kuti uzere makore makumi maviri. Zvino mwedzi asati afa mambo. Muna January 1725 wechipiri akawa achirwara. Catherine nguva dzose raiva parutivi pomubhedha ane mambo kufa. Usiku kubva fung 28 kusvika 29 ndipo Peter akafira mumaoko ake mukadzi.

Pamukwidzwa choumambo

Maererano rufu nomukwanyina, haana akanga nguva kuzivisa ake okupedzisira kuda, chisarudzo mubvunzo yokugara vakava vaita "Supreme Ishe" - nhengo weSeneti, iyo Revafundisi, uye vehondo, vakanga vatova mumuzinda maviri namanomwe January. Pakati pavo paiva mativi maviri. Mumwe, zvinosanganisira kugara pamusoro chaipo pegomo simba wehurumende hunogara kuti vakakwirira, akatungamirirwa European akadzidza Prince Dmitry Golitsyn. Mukuedza kutirambidza autocracy, yokupedzisira akabvunza kuvaka pachigaro choushe Peter I - muzukurukomana zvishoma Petra Velikogo. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti zviri candidature ari mwana rakanga rakakurumbira zvikuru pakati zvose Russian revatongi kirasi, uyo aida kuwana anotambudzika vana muchinda munhu anogona kudzorera ropafadzo dzavo dzekare.

kukunda

The pati wechipiri akanga kudivi Catherine. The mahwanda yakanga chisingadzivisiki. Achibatsirwa shamwari yake kwenguva refu Menshikov uye Buturlina Yaguzhinskii uye kuvimba Guard, iye akakwira choumambo sezvo Catherine 1, paitonga izvo kuti Russia hapana chinokosha haina kuchiratidzwa. Vakanga pfupi. By kubvumirana Menshikov, Catherine haana kupindira munyaya wehurumende, uyezve, wechisere February 1726 akapa yokutanga Russian rokudzora muna mumaoko Supreme achizivawo Council.

Politics munyika

State basa Catherine I aihuitira kunyanya chete kusaina mapepa. Kunyange zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti Empress aifarira remabasa Russian rengarava. Vachimiririra nyika chaizvoizvo anotonga kuchimbudzi Council - muviri akasikwa nguva pfupi asati wake akwira chigaro. Chaiva Menshikov, G. Golovkin, FM Apraksin, D. Golitsyn, P. uye A. Osterman NdiTolstoy.
Catherine 1 ushe akatanga nepfungwa yokuti mitero zvave akaderedzwa, uye akaregererwa vasungwa vakawanda uye vakatapwa. Yokutanga yakanga nokuda kuzvimba mitengo uye kutya chikonzero Kusagutsikana pakati pavanhu. Vamwe Catherine nadzurudzo chabvisa yekare, akatorwa Peter 1. Somuenzaniso, yekudyidzana kwakaderedza basa weSeneti yakaguma uye zviremera zvomunzvimbo, iyo akazonzi nesimba gavhuna, ane Commission, izvo zvinosanganisira vemauto uye flagships. Maererano zviri zvinhu izvi, Catherine 1 vaifanira kutarisira kuvandudzika revarwi Russian.

dzakawanda ukama

Uye kana zvemukati Politika Ekateriny 1 vakatsauka kubva kosi naPetro nguva, muzvinhu dzakawanda zvose akaenda sezvinoitwa Russia vakatsigira zvinotaura Duke Charles Frederick, mwanakomana mutemo Empress uye baba vake Peter 3, kuna Schleswig. Denmark uye Austria kunge akarwarisa naye. Muna 1726, munyika yakabatana Vienna Union. Uyezve, Russia anova muna Courland chaizvo simba uye akaedza kutumira Menshikov sezvo mutongi Duchy, asi vanhu veko dzivisa. Panguva iyoyowo Catherine 1 wokumwe mutemo akatakura muchero. Russia, rine kubudirira zvichemo kubva Persia uye Turkey kuCaucasus, akakwanisa kutora nhaka Shirvan nharaunda.

political mufananidzo

Kubva pakutanga kwake ushe Catherine 1 womukati mutemo wakanga zvainanga kuratidza wose kuti choushe chiri yakachengeteka maoko uye kuti nyika yave munzira akasarudzwa muvandudzi mukuru. The Supreme achizivawo Council kuramba dzakarwiwa chinovava rinondinetsa simba. Asi vanhu vakada Empress. Uye ichi pasinei nokuti zvemukati Politika Ekateriny 1 haisi kwakaratidzwa chero anokosha kubatsira vanhuwo zvavo.

mberi kwayo kunoramba yakatsvikinyidzana vanhu vane zvikumbiro siyana. Akavagamuchira, kupa zvipo, uye vakawanda kunyange akava godmother. Panguva yaitonga mukadzi Petra Velikogo rechipiri raiva pamusoro kurongwa Academy of Sciences. Uyewo, Empress anoshongwa pamusoro Kamchatka rwendo kubva Bering.

Wokutanga Russian Empress akafira May 1727. Akatsiviwa anogadzwa yokupara Peter 2 - nomuzukuru, uye regent - Menshikov. Zvisinei, mumwe zvinovava rinondinetsa simba mberi. Pashure pokutonga Catherine 1, vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanoti, izvozvo akapa pave yakareba Russian wamambo nokumukirana.