Kazak - ndiani ichi? History of Cossacks

In nedanho nhoroondo kusimudzira chero vanhu paiva nenguva apo mumwe boka redzinza vakaparadzana uye pakudaro kusika nemagariro rukoko unoparadzanisa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, izvi nemagariro zvinhu co-aripo murunyararo rudzi rwavo uye nyika takawanda, vamwe - wakarwira nzvimbo zvakaenzana pasi pezuva. Muenzaniso ngwizhingwi dzinza yakadaro inogona kunzi somunhu stratum munzanga, sezvo Cossacks. Vamiririri tsika boka vagara rinokosha pakunzwisisa kwenyika uye rikwanise chaizvo rezvitendero. To musi, masayendisiti haagoni kunzwisisa kana iri marongera dzemadzinza necheSalvic vanhu yoga rudzi. History of Cossacks shure kune kure XV remakore, kana nyika dzokuEurope dziri yakazoona yanyura mumadhaka internecine hondo uye dynastic nenyonganyonga.

Mabviro ezwi rokuti "Cossack"

Vanhu vakawanda vemazuva ano vane pfungwa mukuru kuti Cossack - murwi kana kwakadaro masoja vaigara imwe nhoroondo nguva nokurwira rusununguko rwavo. Zvisinei, dudziro akadaro akaoma zvakakwana uye kure chokwadi, vakapiwa vachiri uye Mabviro ezwi rokuti "Cossack". Pane zvakawanda zvinokosha dzidziso Nezvekwakabva shoko, semuenzaniso:

- Turkic ( "Cossack" - akasununguka murume);

- shoko rinobva Kosogs;

- Turkish ( "KAZ", "Cossack" rinoreva "hanzi");

- shoko rinobva rokuti "Kozara";

- Mongolian pfungwa;

- Turkestan dzidziso - kuti ndiro zita marudzi anongofamba;

- mumutauro wechiTatar "Cossack" - murwi ari Vanguard weuto.

Pane dzimwe pfungwa, mumwe nomumwe ndicho yakasiyana zvachose rinotsanangura shoko, asi zvikuru pfungwa chinoumba tsanangudzo zvose vangazivikanwa. The inonyanya dzidziso ndechokuti Cossack aiva akasununguka murume, asi wakazvigadzira, akagadzirira kurwisa uye hondo.

nhoroondo mavambo

History of Cossacks kunotangira XV remakore, kureva muna 1489 - kutaurwa rokuti "Cossack" wokutanga. Nhoroondo kumusha ari Cossacks ndiye Eastern Europe, uye zvakawanda zvakananga, nzvimbo ainzi Wild Field (yanhasi Ukraine). Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti XV remakore, akatumidza nzvimbo yakanga enyika uye havana anoshanda Russian somunhu umambo, uye kuPoland. Kumboda Ndima "Wild Field" akanga pasi kuramba vachirwisa kuti Crimean Tatars. Zvishoma nezvishoma Vakazopinda panyika vakatama vachibva kuPoland uye Umambo Russian simba pamusoro pokumuka boka idzva - the Cossacks. Kutaura zvazviri, nhoroondo Cossacks kubva nguva apo vanhuwo, vanhuwo zvavo, uye vanotanga kugara munyika iri Wild munda, saka mukusika kuzvidzora vedare yavo nemauto, kuti yokudzivisa nayo kudenha Tatars nemamwe marudzi. Pakazosvika mavambo XVI remakore Cossack regiments ikava simba rehondo, izvo akasika nematambudziko zvikuru vakavakidzana inoti.

Pakusikwa Zaporozhye Sech

Maererano nhoroondo data, izvo zvinozivikanwa kufambidzana, ari kuedza wokutanga nokuzvidzora kurongwa Cossacks rakaitwa muna 1552 na Prince Volyn Vyshnevetsky, nani aizivikanwa Bayda.

Ndiye mari yavo kumisa rechiuto chawo, kuti sich, yaiva pamusoro pachitsuwa Khortytsya. It yakayerera zvose upenyu Cossacks. The nzvimbo iri rakavakwa nyore sezvo sich overlaps pamwe ndima Tatars pakati Crimea, uyewo kuva pedyo napedyo kumuganhu kwePoland. Uyezve miganhu nzvimbo chacho akasika zvinetso zvikuru sich kurwisa. Khortytsia sich haana kugara kwenguva refu, nekuti muna 1557 nayo vakaparadza, asi kusvikira 1775 kusimbisa izvi dzakavakwa pamusoro chete mhando - iri rwizi zviwi.

Kuedza kukurira Cossacks

Muna 1569 zvinonzi akaumba mutsva Lithuanian-Polish Hurumende - Rzeczpospolita. Sezvingatarisirwa, sezvo Poland uye Lithuania uyu akanga akamirirwa kwenguva refu mubatanidzwa kwaikosha chaizvo, uye vakasununguka Cossacks pamusoro miganhu itsva mamiriro akaita pamusoro zvinodiwa Commonwealth. Zvechokwadi, kusimbisa wakadaro rakaisvonaka kudzivirira wechiTatar vachirwisa, asi vakanga zvachose kudzora uye hakunganzi nechiremera korona. Saka, muna 1572 mambo Commonwealth Sigismund II Augustus anozivisa ngoro, iyo waidzora basa rokushuma korona 300 Cossacks. Vakanga akanyorwa mazita yokunyoresa, izvo zvakazoita kuti zita ravo - vakanyorwa Cossacks. mapoka kwakadaro vagara kumusoro wakangwarira nokukurumidza kurova wechiTatar vachirwisa pamusoro kumuganhu Commonwealth, uyewo kudzvinyirira idzokororo murimi mudiki kumukira.

Cossack kumukira nokuti dzechitendero uye nyika rusununguko

Kubva 1583 kusvika 1657, vamwe vatungamiriri Cossack nokumukirana, kuti kuzvisunungura kubva pokudzora kwomudzimu Commonwealth uye dzimwe nyika dzakaedza kukurira nyika haina kuumbwa muUkraine.

Chido zvakasimba kuti rusununguko vakatanga kubuda pakati Cossack kirasi pashure 1620, apo hetman Sagaidachnyi pamwe chete Zaporozhye mauto akabatana Kyiv hama. chiito kwakadaro kwairatidza kubatana Cossack netsika kutenda Orthodox.

Kubvira hondo Cossacks vakanga vakatakura kwete chete chinosunungura, asi zvokunamata. The kukura Makakatanwa pakati kazatstvom nePoland kwakakonzera vanozivikanwa National-kusunungurwa hondo 1648 - kuti mugore ra1654, rinotungamirirwa Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Uyezve, zvinokosha kuti govera kanenge chinokosha kumukira zvinoti Nalivaiko yemuna Kosinski, Sulima, Pavluk, et unto.

Decossackization munguva Russian Empire

Mushure akatadza hondo yorusununguko National ari XVII remakore, uyewo nokutambudzika Troubles simba rehondo rave yekudyidzana kwakakanganisa ari Cossacks. Mukuwedzera, kune Cossacks vakanga varasikirwa kutsigira Russian Empire pashure yezwi kurutivi Sweden pakurwa pana Poltava, umo Cossack mauto inotungamirwa Ivan Mazepa. Somugumisiro dzino munhau iri XVIII remakore anotanga kuva simba mutoo Decossackization, iyo yakasvika Parainge yaitonga Empress Catherine II. Muna 1775, ivo Zaporizhzhya sich akanga chapedzwa. Zvisinei, Cossacks vakapiwa sarudzo: kuenda zvainoda (kurarama zvake murimi mudiki upenyu), kana kubatana hussar, of the dragoon regiments pane zhinji yaingoda. Asi akaramba ari chinokosha chikamu Cossack mauto (vanhu vanenge 12,000), izvo haana kubvuma pfungwa yeRussian Empire. Kuti vave nechokwadi vakachengeteka unoriumba miganhu, uyewo chero nzira vadzvinyirire "vakasara Cossack", nokutanga pakati Aleksandra Suvorova akasikwa Black Sea Cossack Army muna 1790.

Kuban Cossacks

Kuban Cossacks, kana Cossacks Russian, akaonekwa 1860. It yakaumbwa kubva wandei nemauto Cossack zviumbu kuti aivapo panguva iyoyo. Pashure nguva Decossackization vezvikwata izvi muchiuto vava chikamu nyanzvi muchiuto yeRussian Empire. Kuban Cossacks zvaibva muna North Caucasus (nharaunda ano Krasnodar Krai). Hwaro Kuban Cossacks aiva Black Sea Cossack Inochengeta uye Caucasian Cossack hondo, iro yakaguma somugumisiro kuguma Caucasian War. chikwata ichi muchiuto akasikwa ari muganhu simba kudzora mamiriro kuCaucasus. Hondo munharaunda aitarisira, asi kutsiga rinogara pangozi. Cossacks Russian vava shasha buffer pakati kuCaucasus uye Russian Empire. Mukuwedzera, vamiririri mauto ave muzvirongwa Mukuru Patriotic War. Pari, upenyu Kuban Cossacks, tsika dzavo uye tsika zvakachengetedzwa kunokwana kuumbwa Kuban Cossack Army Society.

Don Cossacks

Don Cossacks ndiyo kare Cossack tsika kuti yakabuda pamwe Zaporozhye Cossacks iri pakati XV remakore. Don Cossacks vakanga iri munharaunda Rostov, Volgograd, Lugansk uye Donetsk kumatunhu. Doma Mauto kare nechokuita Don River. Musiyano mukuru pakati Don Cossacks nezvimwe Cossack dzakabatana dziri chokwadi kuti yakatanga kwete somunhu reuto, uyewo ane dzinza, ine zvayo tsika maitiro pachake. Don Cossacks Zaporozhye nokushingaira pamwe hondo dzakawanda. Munguva October Revolution ari Don Cossacks akavamba yavo mamiriro, asi centralization mundima yayo "White kufamba" Akatungamirirwa kukurirwa kwaizotevera udzvanyiriri. Zvinoreva kuti Don Cossack - munhu ndorwevaya imwe evanhu inotungamirwa, inobva dzinza chinhu. Don Cossack tsika rachengetedzwa nguva yedu. In chii zvino Russian Federation musha vanhu vanenge 140,000 vanonyora nyika yavo se "Cossack".

Basa Cossacks mutsika munyika

Pari, nhoroondo, upenyu Cossacks, tsika dzavo zvechiuto uye tsika uchipinda nemasayendisiti rose. Pasina mubvunzo, Cossacks havasi chete nemauto, uye vakaparadzana dzinza, izvo kwemazana emakore anoverengeka akavaka nevamwe tsika yayo. Modern dzekare dziri kushanda pakusikwazve worudzi ruduku zvimedu nhoroondo Cossacks, kuti kuchengeta kuyeuka ichi tsime guru zvikuru Eastern tsika European.