Nobel Prize muna Physics: pasi. yefizikisi Russian - Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize akanga paakavapa kokutanga muna 1901. Sezvo pakutanga Commission remakore pagore anosarudza yakanakisisa nyanzvi, akaita zvakawanikwa inokosha kana kuvamba akasikwa kumukudza ane honorary mubayiro. List pakati Nobel laureates iri zvishoma kupfuura nhamba kwemakore mhemberero, sezvo dzimwe nguva kwakaratidzwa mubatanidzwa wevanhu vaviri kana vatatu. Kunyange zvakadaro, vamwe chakakodzera nezvokuvaka voga.

Igor Tamm

Russian yefizikisi uye akahwina mubayiro weNobel, akaberekwa muguta Vladivostok mumhuri ndiinjiniya. Muna 1901 mhuri yakatamira Ukraine, zviri ipapo Igor Evgenevich Tamm sekondari, akabva kudzidza muna Edinburgh. Muna 1918 akagamuchira dhipuroma of rorusununguko Physics of Moscow State University.

Pashure paizvozvo, akatanga kudzidzisa, kutanga Simferopol, ipapo mu Odessa, uye ipapo muMoscow. Muna 1934 iye kwaitsigirwa kuti musoro yokungotaura wefizikisi paInstitute zvekutepfenyura Lebedev, kwaaishanda kusvikira parufu rwake. Igor Evgenevich Tamm vakadzidza electrodynamics nezvishoma, uyewo Manyiminya ehupfumi ari crystals. Pamabasa ake, akatanga akaratidza pfungwa quanta kuti ruzha. Relativistic hurongwa panguva iyoyo aiva rokukurumidzira, uye Tamm akakwanisa experimentally asimbise nzira pfungwa zvichigere nekusimba pamberi. Zvavakawana ake akanga zvinokosha chaizvo. Muna 1958, basa rave kuzivikanwa munyika yose: pamwe nevamwe Cherenkov, uye Frank, akagamuchira Nobel Prize.

Otto Stern

Zvinokosha kucherechedza mumwe theorist, akaratidza mano Kazhinji uye kuedza. yefizikisi German-American, mukundi Nobel Prize Otto Stern akaberekwa muna February 1888 muna Sora (zvino Polish guta Dawn). Stern kudzidza chikoro muna Breslau, uye ipapo vakapedza makore akawanda vari sayenzi chaiwo panguva mumayunivhesiti German. Muna 1912 iye akadzivirira ake doctorate chinyorwa, musoro wake basa akapedza rakanga Einstein.

Panguva World First Otto Stern iye akanzi kuhondo, asi pane akaramba yokungotaura tsvakurudzo mumunda quantum dzidziso. Kubva muna 1914 kusvika 1921 yaaishandira muFrankfurt University, apo akadzidza experimental simbiso samolecular inofamba. Panguva iyoyo akanga ava kukwanisa kuva nzira mabhomba matanda, anonzi ruzivo Stern. Muna 1923 akagadzwa purofesa paUniversity of Hamburg. Muna 1933, akataura kuzorwa Anti-Semitism uye kwakamanikidzwa kubva kuGermany kuUnited States, uko akagamuchira citizenship. Muna 1943 akabatana ndandanda Nobel laureates kuti mupiro chikuru kune kukura samolecular Ray nzira uye kuwanikwa zviri rinobva pakati Purotoni pakarepo. Kubvira muna 1945 - nhengo National Academy of Sciences. Kubvira muna 1946, akararama Berkeley, apo akapedza mazuva ake muna 1969.

O. Chamberlain

American yefizikisi Ouen Chemberlen akaberekwa July 10, 1920 muSan Francisco. Pamwe chete Emilio Segre, akashanda pasango quantum wefizikisi. Vashandi vakabudirira chinokosha uye kuti zvakawanikwa: vakawana antiprotons. Muna 1959 vakanga vaona panguva dzakawanda vanochiva uye paakavapa sezvo vakundi Nobel Prize muna wefizikisi. Kubvira muna 1960, Chamberlain akanga vakabvuma kuti National Academy of Sciences of United States of America. Akashanda paHarvard University sezvo muzvinadzidzo, akagumisa mazuva ake ari Berkeley muna February 2006.

Niels Bohr

Shoma Nobel Prize muna wefizikisi uyewo sevatsigiri Danish musayendisiti. Neimwe inogona kunzi muvambi nesayenzi yemazuva ano. Uyezve, Niels Bohr akavaka Institute of yokungotaura Physics mu Copenhagen. Iye ndohwaJehovha dzidziso atomu, inobva yemapuraneti womuenzaniso, uye postulates. Vakanga zvakasikwa rinokosha basa iri dzidziso maatomu neerekitironi zvenyukireya siyana, iri uzivi nesayenzi. Pasinei kufarira PARTICIPLE mamiriro, vaishora kushandiswa kwavo zvinangwa zvechiuto. Education ramangwana yefizikisi yakagamuchirwa girama kuchikoro, kwaakabereka nomukurumbira somunhu farira nhabvu mutambi. Mukurumbira sezvo nyanzvi pakuridza mutsvakurudzi aiva makore makumi maviri namatatu mushure zvidzidzo kubva University of Copenhagen. Ake chinyorwa basa rakanga paakavapa rimwe menduru yegoridhe. Niels Bohr zvinganaka kuona pamusoro makakatanwa mvura jeti vibrations. Kubva 1908 kusvika 1911 aishanda mumba yunivhesiti. Akabva atamira kune England, apo akashanda Joseph John Thomson, uye ipapo Ernest Rutherford. Akapedza zvakaitika ake anokosha, izvo zvakazoita kuti apiwe award muna 1922. Pashure paizvozvo akadzokera Copenhagen, kwaaigara kusvikira parufu rwake muna 1962.

Lev Landau

Soviet yefizikisi uye akahwina mubayiro weNobel, akaberekwa muna 1908. Landau akasika zvinoshamisa basa munzvimbo zhinji: akadzidza remagineti superconductivity, mabhomba nuclei, zvokutanga nezvimedu, electrodynamics, uye zvakawanda. Pamwe chete Evgeniem Lifshitsem akasika munhu chaiwo nzira yokungotaura wefizikisi. Biography wake inonakidza zvemariro nokukurumidza kukura: watova paYunivhesiti Landau gumi makore. Kwekanguva akadzidza kemisitiri, asi gare gare akasarudza kudzidza wefizikisi. Sezvo 1927 akanga apedza kudzidza mudzidzi panguva Ioffe Leningrad Institute. Vomunguva kumuyeuka somunhu nechido, murume unopinza, asingatani kutsoropodza kufungidzira. The kuzviomesera chirango akabvumira Landau vabudirire. Akashanda pamusoro nzira yemaitiro zvokuti aona navo kunyange hope dzake usiku. Zvakasimba chakamubatsira, uye nzendo dzesayenzi kunze. Zvikurukuru chinokosha chaiva kushanya kune Institute of yokungotaura Physics, Niels Bohr, kana musayendisiti akakwanisa kukurukura nyaya dzinofarirwa kwaaiva soro chechetere. Landau vaiona pachake mudzidzi yakakurumbira Dane.

Mukupera thirties musayendisiti tatarisana paitonga Stalin udzvanyiriri. Physics mukana kutiza Kharkov, kwaaigara mhuri yake. Hazvina kubatsira, uye akasungwa muna 1938. Masayendisiti venyika vakatanga Stalin, uye muna 1939, Landau akasunungurwa. Pashure paizvozvo, kwemakore akawanda akanga vaiita basa sayenzi. Muna 1962, akanga akabvuma kuti Nobel Prize muna Physics. Komiti yakasarudzwa nokuti ayo itsva yokusvika adzidze yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa nyaya, kunyanya mvura nehelium. Mugore iroro akatambura mutsaona, yakabonderana rori. Pashure paizvozvo, akararama kwemakore matanhatu. yefizikisi Russian, Nobel Prize vakundi kashoma kubudirira kuzivikanwa zvakadaro, yaiva Lev Landau. Pasinei zvakaoma hwakafanorongwa, iye mudzidziso zvose zviroto zvenyu uye akaita nzira zvitsva nesayenzi.

Max Akaberekwa

yefizikisi German uye akahwina mubayiro weNobel, theorist uye akatanga quantum hurongwa akaberekwa muna 1882. The ramangwana munyori mabasa anokosha pamusoro dzidziso relativity, electrodynamics, mibvunzo ouzivi, ivo kinetics emura uye vazhinji nevamwe vakashanda muBritain uye kumba. Kudzidziswa yokutanga yaiva chesekondari ane mutauro kutsvetera. Ndapedza chikoro, akapinda Yunivhesiti Breslau. Mukuita kudzidza vakapinda hurukuro nevanhu vakakurumbira mathematicians nguva - Feliksa Kleyna, David Hilbert uye Germana Minkovskogo. Muna 1912 akanga paakavapa nzvimbo Göttingen wapurofesa, uye muna 1914 vakaenda Berlin. Kubvira muna 1919, akashanda muFrankfurt sezvo muzvinafundo. Pakati navo akanga Otto Stern, remangwana akahwina mubayiro weNobel, zvatakakutadzirai kare kuudzwa. Pamabasa ake, Bourne akatsanangura nezvishoma uye quantum dzidziso. Ndauya vanoda dudziro inokosha chinozunguzirwa PARTICIPLE hunhu nyaya. Akaratidza kuti mitemo wefizikisi of microworld anganzi Statistical uye kuti chinozunguzirwa basa anofanira sokureva kunzwisisa uwandu. Pashure kuuya simba, vaNazi yakatamira Cambridge. Akadzokera kuna Germany chete muna 1953, uye akagamuchira Nobel Prize muna 1954. Ndichaonga nokusingaperi kuramba munhoroondo wefizikisi somumwe zvikuru theorists remakore rechimakumi maviri.

Enrico Fermi

vakundi Not vazhinji Nobel Prize muna wefizikisi vakauya vachibva kuItaly. Zvisinei, izvi ndiko akaberekwa Enrico Fermi, rinokosha nyanzvi remakore rechimakumi maviri. Ndiye musiki zvenyukireya uye Nyuturoni wefizikisi, yakavambwa zvikoro zvinoverengeka zvesayenzi uye aiva nhengo Academy of Sciences of Soviet Union. Uyezve, Fermi ndezvaiye yakawanda yokungotaura basa mumunda zvokutanga inoramba. Muna 1938, akatamira kune US, apo akaona chakagadzirwa radioactivity, uye akavaka yokutanga munhoroondo yevanhu pedyo reactor yenyukireya. Mugore iroro akanga paakavapa Nobel Prize. Sezvineiwo, mapurazi vane tisaone ndangariro, nemhaka iyo akanga asina chete chinopa kugona yefizikisi, asiwo vakakurumidza vakadzidza mitauro yokumwe tichibatsirwa dzokuzvikoshesa kudzidza, vasvika vakarangwa, maererano yayo hurongwa. Ava vanokwanisa kwokusunungura kusvikira payunivhesiti.

Pakarepo mushure nokudzidziswa, akatanga kutsoropodza pamusoro quantum pfungwa, izvo panguva iyoyo Italy iri anenge asina kudzidza. tsvakurudzo yake yokutanga muna electrodynamics uyewo kutarisirwa. Paaienda kubudirira Fermi kucherechedza Professor Mario Corbijn, vanokoshesa tarenda iri musayendisiti uye akava anorichengeta ake paUniversity of Rome, ichipa vechidiki basa anoshamisa. Pashure kutamira kuUnited States aishanda Las Alamos uye Chicago, uko akafa muna 1954.

Erwin Schrödinger

YeAustria yokungotaura yefizikisi uyo akaberekwa muna 1887 muna Vienna, industrialist mhuri. Baba akapfuma aiva mutevedzeri womutungamiriri vemo botanical uye zoological vanhu uye kubvira pazera duku akaisa mwanakomana wake aifarira zvesayenzi. Makore gumi nerimwe Erwin akadzidza kumba, uye muna 1898 akapinda zvedzidzo chikoro. Sowakajeka vakaipedza, akapinda Yunivhesiti Vienna. Pasinei nokuti dzakagadzirirwa vakasarudzwa paiva mumuviri, Schrödinger akaratidza uye matarenda evanhu: aiziva mitauro mitanhatu yokumwe, akanyora nhetembo uye aiziva mabhuku. Kubudirira mune zvesayenzi chaiwo vakafuridzirwa Fritz Gazenrolem, matarenda mudzidzisi Erwin. Ndiye akabatsira vadzidzi kunzwisisa kuti wefizikisi yake kufarira huru. Nokuti doctorate chinyorwa Schrödinger akasarudza experimental basa, raakanga akakwanisa kudzivirira sowakajeka. Basa akatanga yunivhesiti, umo musayendisiti vaiita mumhepo magetsi, optics, acoustics, ruvara dzidziso uye quantum wefizikisi. Nechekare muna 1914 nayo kushandisa wapurofesa, izvo akwanise kutsoropodza. Pashure pehondo, muna 1918, akatanga kushanda Institute of Physics pamusoro Jena, apo akashanda Max Planck uye Einstein. Muna 1921 akatanga kudzidzisa ari Stuttgart, asi pashure imwe kwetemu akatamira Breslau. Kwapera nguva, ndakagamuchira tsamba yaindikoka kubva Polytechnic muna Zurich. Munguva kubva muna 1925 kusvika 1926 akaita echimurenga kuedza wandei, rakabudiswa pepa rinonzi "quantization sezvo dambudziko tsika dzavo." Zvinoita inokosha mukana wokuti vanhu vanga kuti magetsi uye ano nesayenzi. Muna 1933 akagamuchira Nobel Prize, uye ipapo akamanikidzwa kubuda munyika; vaNazi vakauya simba. Pashure pehondo akadzokera kuAustria, kwaaigara zvose makore ake asara uye akafa muna 1961 nomutauro wake Vienna.

Vilgelm Konrad Rentgen

The akakurumbira German experimental yefizikisi akaberekerwa Lennep, kuti pedo Düsseldorf, muna 1845. Pashure pokudzidza panguva Zurich Polytechnic, akanga aronga kuti kuva injiniya, asi aiziva kuti aifarira yokungotaura wefizikisi. Akava mubatsiri wedhipatimendi mumba yunivhesiti, ipapo vakatamira Giessen. Kubva 1871 kusvika 1873 aishanda Würzburg. Muna 1895 akaona maekisirei uye vainyatsoongorora zvivako zvavo. Aiva munyori mabasa anokosha pamusoro pyroelectric uye piezoelectric zvivako zviri crystals uye remagineti. Nyika yokutanga Nobel Prize muna wefizikisi, kurigamuchira muna 1901 kuti hunoshamisa mupiro wake nesayenzi. Uyezve, akashanda ari Kundt chikoro X-ray, kuva zvemarudzi wendarama ane dzinokura nesayenzi, tichishanda vaairarama - Helmholtz Kirhgofomom Lorenzo. Pasinei kubwinya rakabudirira experimenter, iye yaiitisa zvakarurama yakavandika upenyu uye akataura chete pamwe vabatsiri. Naizvozvo, matambudziko pfungwa dzake pamusoro wefizikisi vaiva vadzidzi vake, haana zvakare chinokosha. musayendisiti The nomwero vakaramba zita mwaranzi nokukudzwa kwake, hwose achivadana X-ray. mari yavo, akapa hurumende uye vaigara akamanikana chaizvo ezvinhu. Akafa Wilhelm rontgen February 10, 1923 muMunich.

Albert Einstein

Nyika-akakurumbira yefizikisi, akaberekwa muna Germany. Aiva musiki dzidziso relativity uye akanyora mabasa anokosha pamusoro quantum dzidziso, aiva imwe nhengo Russian Academy of Sciences. Sezvo 1893 akagara kuSwitzerland, uye muna 1933 vakatamira kuUnited States. Einstein akatanga pfungwa photon, akasimbisa mitemo photoelectric kushanda uye akafanotaura kuwanikwa dzinovhurika womumwe. Akatanga dzidziso Brownian inofamba uye nokufamba, uyewo akasikwa quantum nhamba. Ndaishanda zvinetso cosmology. Muna 1921 akagamuchira Nobel Prize pamusana Kuwanikwa kwake photoelectric mugumisiro mitemo. Uyezve, Albert Einstein ndeimwe chikuru initiators pakati pakuvambwa yaIsraeri. Munguva thirties, raakataura kundorwa Nazi Germany uye vakaedza kuchengeta enyika kubva richizvitenda chiito. maonero ake pamusoro dambudziko renyukireya hakuna kumbonzwika, kuti aiva mukuru nedambudziko musayendisiti upenyu. Muna 1955, akafa Princeton kubva kutsemuka aneurysm.