Kievan Rus uye Horde: zvinetso mose ukama uye

Anenge makore 250 upenyu pasi Mongol-wechiTatar joko vakasimudzira zvikuru simba pamusoro pokumuka Russia. Muzana remakore rechigumi nematatu, hurumende yakanga yava kusvika maviri ushe; Novgorod uye Kiev. Sei kuti Golden Horde uye Rus vakanga refu kudaro rinorema kuvimba mumwe?

Foreign Policy Ancient Rus

nechisimba Rus eMongolia asati ararama upenyu hwavo uye abuda muenzaniso Western. Hatigoni kutaura kuti haana ashandiswe chero wokumwe mutemo: kuisa siyana ukama nyika dzaiva kumusoro, kumavirira uye kumaodzanyemba nyika miganhu. Links vaiva netsika, wezvokutengeserana uye vemauto ukama nawo ndudzi. mutemo uyu akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze pamwe rechipfumbamwe uye nemiviri emakore. Khazar Khanate, yaiva kumabvazuva kunyika miganhu, vatongi Russian havana kuziva. Vakakunda guta guru Itil Khaganate muna 965 uye haasisina naye pamwe chero nedzenyu ukama, chii chakanga tinokanganisa yavo. Kievan Rus uye Zolotaya Orda vakanga vakamira pedyo chacho, iyo uchanzi "wechiTatar-Mongol joko."

Maziso ose akanga akatendeukira Kievan Rus kuti dzokuMadokero, ekare ane tsika, muKristu dzematongerwe chakabata kusimukira zhinji. MuBalkans, ari Roman Empire, Germany uye France - nyika nayo kusimbisa ukama. Panotaurwa Russia uye Horde? Zvinokonzerwa kukanganiswa nyika idzi Papera akapfuurira kwenguva refu.

Mamiriro kuMiddle East

Panguva apo Russia iri kuvaka ukama Europe uye yayo kukura, vokuAsia yakahwina Arab nyika uye kuMiddle East. Vakaedza kuparadzira kutenda kwake Islamic pakati pemarudzi. Munguva 20s uye 30s remakore namatatu pesvedzero dzavanhu Asia vakatanga kupararira munyika wokumaodzanyemba kweEurope, uye kunyange kuna Hungary. Asi chinonyanya njodzi chikamu East European uye kunyanya munharaunda weRussia.

Tatar-eMongolia akakunda rayo disjointed ehurumende uye nokudaro seiyi kukura kwavo. Rus uye Zolotaya Orda, nhoroondo ukama hwavo, urwo rwakatora anopfuura maviri emakore, kwakabatsira pamusoro geopolitical ezvinhu. Interests machinda vakatamira vachibva kumavirira kumabvazuva: kunyika Asian. Ndakachinja mamiriro Russia: munyika akarega kuva yakazvimirira. Zvino raiva muranda mamiriro zvepfungwa pakati vokuAsia.

Russian-Horde ukama

It kwakatora ichi yakawiriranwa nedoro anenge 250 nemakore. Panguva iyi munhoroondo yenguva kunogona kuchinja zvakawanda zvakaitika, uye pamwe Russia, uye pamwe Ordynsky mamiriro. Izvi wechisikigo inofanira yakawiriranwa simba maviri kufanana inoti. Zolotaya Orda uye Russia yose nhoroondo nguva involuntary yokukurukurirana kunge inini shanduka kuchinja zvinoratidzwa zvematongerwo nemutsika nyika mbiri. Mongol-Tatar joko, kubvira 1243 kusvika 1480 gore rakatanga shure muna 1237. Kana akaita ake vachirwisa Batu. Rus uye Horde, chipingaidzo nematambudziko, ichiripo vainzwa iyi vakanga vachangobva kutanga kwayo nhoroondo noukama refu uye kubudirira.

Panguva mishandirapamwe Batu kuchamhembe-nechokumabvazuva Russia akatambura panyatwa, kuparadza uye kurasikirwa vemo. Vamwe vavo vakaurayiwa, vamwe - vatapwa. Kuchera mauto ehondo zvinodiwa kuti ndipore uye zvakatora nguva yakawanda. Nemhaka kuitwa Aleksandra Nevskogo ramakumi mana rokubata remakore nematatu akanga yakanyarara pamusoro vachirwisa: zvange ungwaru, uye nguva nokuumbwa vakawanda Horde. The Khans vakanga vakabatikana kuvaka ayo zvemukati marongerwo.

Baskachestvo uye ugororo muRussia

Basa iri Mongol khans kwaiva kubata nyika itsva uye mitero kuti mutero wavo. Havana achinja chinhu pazvinhu izvi uye usaedza kuisa navo kwaari. Asi mutero ravakange kuzviuru marudzi akanga dzinodya dzimwe. Russia uye Horde ukama zvakavharwa kusvinwa: sei matambudziko yakawiriranwa mune ukuru. Pakati pezana remakore mashanu paiva kurwisana kwemauto pamwe eMongolia. Kudzvinyirirwa Golden Horde akanga yakakura pamwe roga gore, uye vagari akakoniwa kubhadhara mutero, uye saka vaishora Tangai.

Vanhu vakanga rewritten mumakore maviri - ne 1257 nokuda 1259, uye vakaisa miviri mutero kuna Khans: Orda uye Mongolian. Uye zvishoma nezvishoma wakatangwa uye baskachestvo. Sent wevatariri, uyo akatevera kuunganidzwa mutero, akadana baskaks. Achibatsirwa vanhu avo akaramba pasi. Uyezve, basa vagari vaisanganisira muchiuto, izvo zvinofanira kuzadzisa. Baskakov zvakagoverwa aine remauto, masimba okutarisira nayo kuchengetedza hurongwa pamusoro ndima avakapiwa.

Machinda basa Horde

Tax varimi inounganidzwa mutero kubva yevagari uye akabata basa moneylenders: mutero kurima hurongwa aiva nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kuti muripo. Saka vanhu kuwana muusungwa kwoupenyu hwose. Noutsinye zvinodiwa zvakatungamirira akakurumbira Kusagutsikana, kuwedzerwa noukama yeRussia uye Horde vamiririri sokuti izvozvo. The sefungu kumukira kuti akapfuura ukuru zhinji, aiva chinoratidza. Central nzvimbo, apo vanhu vakamuka pamusoro dzaishandisa, yave Rostov. Shure vakamuka Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Suzdal. Mumaguta akawanda kumukirawo kwakaitika muna 1289. In Tver - muna 1293 uye 1327, ukuwo. Mushure Akaurayiwa Cholhan, hama Uzbek Khan, uye akaramba kurohwa varimi mutero, zviremera vakasarudza kupa Golden Horde kuunganidzwa mutero machinda Russian. Ivo pachavo vainge vaita neupambi kubhadhara Horde "buda".

"Outputs" uye "zvikumbiro"

Pane imwe mhando neupambi - ". Chikumbiro" munhu Okuwedzera mari kuti dzakatorwa kubva yevagari apo Khans vakanga vachigadzirira danidziro matsva muchiuto. Rus uye Horde, yakawiriranwa zvinetso zvavo pamwe chete, zvichiita upenyu sabvumika vanhu. Vatongi Horde zvakanaka kuti Russia makanga kusabatana pakati feudal zvemisoro. Vari zvakananga kusundwa machinda pachavo, akakusha kupesana pakati pavo.

Pakanga iyi, uye gadziriro Labels: tsamba, iyo yakapiwa avo vaigona nhaka chigaro. Kutsigira muchinda mumwe, khans Yechinwiwa Horde akamisa kuzorwa naye mumwe. Avo vakanga vasingagutsikane pokutonga Horde, akanga vakadamwa Khan, uye vatovako uchinyali zvaisarudza pamusoro pake. mugumisiro wakadaro zvakawira Mihaila Yaroslavicha Tverskogo uye mwanakomana wake Fyodor. machinda akawanda uye boyars mubatwa vakawira eMongolia.

Horde machinda vagara panguva Machinda uye kunyatsotevera vakatarira moods dzavo: kuchengeta sezvaaienderana. In ezvinhu ichi, kuva ukama Russia uye Horde.

Zolotaya Orda mukati

Apo Genghis Khan wakateverera ayo gwara iri yakakunda nyika, Zvinokurudzirwa kuti chaizvo anoshivirira chitendero. Pfungwa zvaidiwa ichi mutongi uye vateveri vake. Nekuti Khans vakaedza kuramba noushamwari nechechi: vasunungurwa mutero, vakapiwa Labels - tsamba. simba rake pamusoro chechi aitarisira vakunde Horde khans tichidzivisa vanhu Russian. Kwakadaro ukama yeRussia uye Golden Horde kwakapfuurira kwemakore akawanda. Asi hazvisi zvinhu zvose zvakanga zviri muhurongwa uye Mongolian anoti: zviri yakabvamburwa feudal nokurwisana, uye simba.

Uye Russia panguva ino, munguva yacho XIV remakore, dzakakurumbira masangano vakaedza kuchera Mongol-wechiTatar joko. Kuti arege kurasikirwa simba pamusoro pavanhu, chechi uye vatongi vakachinja nzvimbo yavo. Zvino ivo vanotsigira kuti kusunungurwa Russia kubva eMongolia.

Kutanga mugumo

Wokutanga uyo vakataura rutsigiro pfungwa yekusunungura raiva Sergiy Radonezhsky uye Metropolitan Alexei. Kulikov kurwa, vakatora nzvimbo muna 1380, akauya pokukundwa varwi Mamaia uye yekudyidzana vakashaisa Horde. Muna 1408 - Yedigei muna 1439 - Khan ulu-Muhammed akaita kundikana nzendo kuRussia: kurwisa avo unonyangadzwa. Asi mumwe makore 15 kubhadhara mutero kuna wechiTatar-Mongol hurumende. Against ichi Makuriro, Russia uye Horde (matambudziko ukama ivo kwakanyanyisa) kushandisa mabasa: Russia takabatana uye kusimbiswa, uye Horde - simba.

Mongol vatongi vakava nezvinetso Crimean Khanate: mamiriro kwavari kumhuka kwazvo. Izvi nguva munhoroondo kushandiswa Ivan III: muna 1476 akaramba kubhadhara mutero kuna Horde. Asi yokupedzisira kusunungurwa Russia kwakaitika chete muna 1480, apo Han Ahmed akatora mumwe pokurwa. kambani iyi rakakundikana uye vakauya neumwe kukundwa eMongolia. Saka, zvishoma nezvishoma akachinja ukama yeRussia uye Golden Horde yakanga kusunungurwa pajoko.

nezvinetso kukanganiswa

Zvakaoma kurerutsa kuchinja kuitika kuvanhu uye nzanga munguva izvi refu munhau. Zvinosuruvarisa zvakatora makore anenge mazana matatu, namachinda uye mutongo vepamusoro rose vainzwisisa - musimba kubatana. Zvaakanga vakapona Mongol-wechiTatar joko, vanhu Russia vakanga vakabatana imwe centralized ezvinhu. Chaiva ndinoiitawo munguva iyoyo. Asi haugoni kuramba chokwadi kuti migumisiro yacho yaiva huru kuti kukura vose munyika, izvo zviri Russia uye Horde. Matambudziko chipingaidzo kwakakonzera zvimwe sokunonoka yeRussian mamiriro kubva vakawanda kukura European: nyika ichiri nguva refu okuzorora chakakomba nemigumisiro pajoko. Akaparadzwa maguta uye matongo Duchy waida menguva yakareba. Asi wakachengetedza chiKristu Orthodox, razova kubatana muupenyu vanhu uye hurumende.