Mbambaira Zapolskaya chibvumirano - rugare chibvumirano pakati Commonwealth uye umambo Russian

Russia uye Poland kunge akarwa mumwe kwemazana emakore. Rimwe mukurwisana izvi zvave chinokosha pamusoro wokuLivonia War, umo kuBaltic States vakatarisana zvido anoverengeka anoti.

akaita sei wokuLivonia War

Muna 1558, Russian chevaux Ivan vanotyisa vakanga vandopambara mundima wokuLivonia Order. Aida kuhwina kuBaltic mapurovhinzi munharaunda vemazuva Estonia uye Latvia. Taigara pano pamberi pevahedheni, uye XIII remakore, Hondo Tsvene yakasvika pano vaKaturike. Ivo nheyo wokuLivonia Order, vakavaka Riga nemamwe nhare zhinji.

The Dzorudzidziso akarwa infidels pamusoro akagamuchira mvumo kubva Pope. Kune vaya, vari Sokuona kwavo, maitiro uye Orthodox, uyo akabhadharawo mutero kuna Golden Horde. Saka, pamwe wokuLivonia Knights vakarwa Alexander Nevsky. Mune ramangwana, gakava yazova zvachose uye chakavhiringidza chete mashoko ari chibvumirano.

Pakazosvika nguva Ndakatanga akatonga Grozny, Russia vakabatana kupota Moscow, vakakanda vakagura wechiTatar joko, uye akatotanga inobudirira kuwedzera kumabvazuva (the kubatwa pamusoro Kazan uye Astrakhan). Ivan IV aidavira kuti simba wokuLivonia Order vasingagoni kupa zvakakomba nemishonga.

Nguva hondo yokutanga yakanga here kubudirira kuti Russia. Voivod mambo akabatwa Dorpat, Narva nemamwe maguta makuru akawanda. Kuti zvose zvakachinja apo masimba pedyo dzakanga varwisane. Yaiva Sweden, Rzeczpospolita (mubatanidzwa enyika kwePoland uye Lithuania), uye Denmark (kune muduku pamwero). Kubva iyoyo Anotyisa akasangana wakaoma chaizvo nechinzvimbo dzoga.

Kuparadzwa ari pikisa nyika

Kunyange zvakadaro, mumakore akawanda hondo akaperekedza kwekanguva kubudirira pavanotaurirana pamwe muPoland uye Lithuania. Saka muna 1564 mauto eRussia akakunda Polotsk (guta, iro Ndiyewo Unotyisa akanga kodzero sezvo Rurik). Asi zvino akatevera kukundwa panguva Hondo Chashniki.

Foreign negwaro kukundikana achiperekedzwa anotyisa muRussia. Mushure asinganzwisisiki rufu rwake rokutanga mukadzi Ivan Grozny akava kunyumwa zvakaenzana zvinokukanganisa. Paranoia uye kutya yokusavimbika kwakatungamirira vanodzvinyirirwa. Paaiva muMoscow, hofori inopisa skillet vakatambudzwa nokuda gavhuna, mauto akatambura kukundwa pashure kukundwa.

Pakupedzisira muna 1577 akaiswa kudzokera Polotsk, uye yeSweden vakatapa Narva. Zviri chete nemhaka heroism zvevanhu nemishonga uye akakwanisa kumisa wokumwe kupindira. Poles in 1581-1582 gg. remuSamoa kunokurumidziswa muPskov uye Swedish vakakundikana pasi nzungu. Hondo atova nemakore 24 okuberekwa, uye Kuparadzwa munyika inodiwa norugare.

Zvinoumba nenhume

Kupfuura zvose gungwa Zapolskaya chibvumirano uye Nhaurirano zvinoratidzwa pakati netsamba kuna Antonio Possevino. Raiva wechechi yeRoma uye ane ruzivo Wenyika. Iye raimiririra zvinodiwa Catholic Church iri kwakadzama pakati muPoland uye Russia. Uyezve, akanga ari munyori ane unyanzvi, uye akakwanisa kutaura mashoko ose akazara kunzwisisa ichi muitiro.

Nhaurirano December 13 vakatanga, 1581. Uye nzvimbo akasarudzwa nzvimbo makiromita mashomanana kubva Zapolskoho Mugomba (richizonzi). Akanga pedyo aimbova kumuganhu pedyo Russian neguta muPskov, iro richiri achangobva akanga ukombwe Polish King Stefan Batory. Mbambaira Zapolskiy runyararo chakaitwa pedyo ichangobva hondo yacho.

Hapana madzimambo havana kupinda hurukuro. Zvavanoda vanomirirwa vakawanda vamiriri. By Poles uye Lithuanians vakasvika Braslavsky gavhuna Janusz Zbarazhsky, Niasvizh uye Prince Albrecht olyksky Radzvill uye munyori Miail Garaburda. Ivan Grozny haana stint pamusoro muParamende. Vaiva Kashinskij Gavhuna Dmitry Eletskii, Kozelskiy gavhuna weRoma Alferov uye mabharani Nikita Vereshchagin. Mbambaira Zapolskaya chibvumirano chakanga vakagumisa yairevererwa chambotaurwa nezvacho wechechi yeRoma Antonio Possevino.

Zvichemo muna Livonia

Nhaurirano akaramba kwerinenge mwedzi. Pakupedzisira, January 15, 1582 yakanga yakasainwa mbambaira Zapolskaya chibvumirano. mamiriro ake akanga akaoma kuti Russia, asi zvizere zvaidiwa ichi chisingafadzi chokwadi.

Ivan IV akaramba zvose maguta yakunda muna Livonia. Chakanga hwakawanda nhare ose hukuru siyana. Heano shoma mazita mienzaniso: chakadzokororwa Alista, Volodymyrets, Dorpat, Krutsborg, Paid, Rivne, Tarvaz, Chestvin, etc. Vakawanda mazita aya ava historicism ... Zvino maguta aya akawana nzvimbo mazita ari mumitauro National - wokuLatvia uye Estonian. The chasara Livonia panguva iyoyo maigara Sweden (chibvumirano wake yakasainwa papera gore).

Nemamwe mazwi chesungano

Uyezve, mbambaira Zapolskaya chibvumirano iroro njodzi reguta, iro panguva dzakasiyana-siyana vave ratorwa Ivanom Groznym muna Grand Duchy pakati Lithuania. Vaiva Velizh uye Polotsk. Mambo Russian akaramba (kunyange zvazvo zvakanga chete chokungoendawo, kubva panguva iyoyo vakanga aizokundwa Stefan Batory).

mambo Polish vakabvuma kudzokera pamaguta, yaakanga akabatwa Russia. Raiva Great Luke Hill, Nevel uye Zavolochye. Mbambaira Zapolskiy nyika yaiva nenyaya iri iyo yakadzokorora shure uye muPskov munharaunda achiitei mumakore wakakombwa.

Nyika rakundwa muna Livonia Sweden panguva kusaina gwaro, vakanga vasingagoni papepa. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuti Poles akaita mashoko ivowo vanoti pamusoro mundima idzi. Saka kubvuma akanga akapedzisa mbambaira Zapolskaya chibvumirano. The musi ayo kusaina wakasuduruka pamavambo racho.

Njodzi chibvumirano

Pasinei neizvi, munhu wose vakanzwisisa kuti ichi ndicho chete zvava zviri nani, uye ruvengo zvikanyarara kwekanguva. Mbambaira Zapolskaya chibvumirano ne Poland yave dzaona kuti kwemakore 10. Munguva yemberi inogona kuwedzerwa. Nhau dzakaitika dzakaratidza kuti chibvumirano yakaramba pari kusvikira Nguva Troubles mu Russia. Mushure Ivan Grozny akafa, mwanakomana wake Theodore uye vose vatsivi avo, Rurik hwedzinza achatapudzwa. Kutanga Kurwisana boyars mapoka vanoti simba.

Panguva iyoyo wePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth akauya munyengeri aizviti mumwe akapona Tsarevich Dmitry - mwanakomana Ivana Groznogo, uyo akafa mwana ari Uglich muna 1591. Mushingi anonzi Grigoriem Otrepevym. Akanga mupoteri mumongi. Akanga rinotsigirwa namambo Polish, uyo akabva yakapamba Russia, izvo chibharo mbambaira Zapolskaya chibvumirano. Gore akakomba Smolensk, uye ipapo zvishoma inogarwa Moscow. Pakupedzisira, national Russian varwi akadzinga Poles, uye boyars vakasarudzwa mambo Mikhail Romanov, uyo akazova muvambi imba itsva youmambo kuti akatonga kwemakore mazana matatu.