Collectivization muSoviet Union: zvinangwa uye zvabuda

Pakati pezana remakore 1920s utungamiriri Soviet akatora rakadzikama nzira maindasitiri. Asi hombe kuvakwa maindasitiri zvivako vaida mari yakawanda. Takasarudza kutora navo mumusha. Saka akatanga collectivization.

Matangiro Ayakaita

Kuedza kumanikidzira vanhuwo zvavo kuti vashande nyika pamwe Bolsheviks vakatora kunyange panguva Civil War. Asi Tauriranai vanhu vakauya nyongoroka. Varimi vakakakatira kunyika uye vasinganzwisisi nei kutamira zvakaoma vawana pfuma mu "vanhuwo poto". Naizvozvo, makanzuru akapa kazhinji murombo, uye akanga asingadi.

Kubva NEP, collectivization muSoviet Union nemhuru. Asi yechipiri yezana 1920s, kana mangwana mubato guruundano akasarudza industrialize, zvakava pachena kuti aida mari yakawanda. Tora mhiri kwemakungwa zvikwereti hapana achizoita - nekuti pakupedzisira vaizofanira kupa. Saka takasarudza kuti mari inodiwa tichiregeredza kunze kwenyika, kusanganisira mbeu. Kwakadaro kusveta pfuma zvokurima aigona chete kumanikidza vanhuwo zvavo kushandira hurumende. Uye hombe kuvakwa mafekitari zvinopa kuti guta achaita kukwezva kushanda, izvo zvinofanira zvokudya. Naizvozvo, collectivization muSoviet Union akanga chisingadzivisiki.

In yechando 1927-1928 ,. dzakatanga zviyo zvokuvakisa dambudziko. Vanhuwo zvavo, uyewo makore mashoma pamberi, hapana kukurumidza kutora zviyo nedhenari mitengo. Asi ikozvino hurumende yakasarudza zvakavatorera simba pakukohwa. Chakagamuchirwa muna January 1928 murayiro waida webato kuranga vanhuwo zvavo vanotengesa zviyo panguva pamatunhu mitengo. Yakatanga vakawanda kusungwa uye kutorerwa chingwa "nevaya vanofungidzira."

Panguva simba izvi hazvina kugumira ipapo. Muchirimo iroro, mumwe mutemo wakadzikwa chete zvokurima. Achava asingachaiti mumapurazi, nokubudirira vanhuwo zvavo aifanira kubhadhara vakadzikama chitsama. It anova mutoro unorema, uye zvetsika muunganidzwa, uye nokuzvidzora mitero, uye rokumanikidzirwa chipeto kune zvikwereti siyana. Kutaura zvazviri, atova mavambo collectivization: kuti mumapurazi dzakamanikidzwa kupinda kuburikidza nzira zvoupfumi. Varimi Nokukurumidza dzakapfuma vakarasikirwa kodzero atore zvikwereti, shandisa vakaripira basa uye okurima midziyo kutenga.

kumanikidza

Zvisinei, nzira dzose idzi havana zvakakonzera nokuwedzera kwenhamba mapurazi. Pasinei chokwadi kuti mapurazi matsva vakasikwa akanaka ezvinhu, varimi havana kukurumidza kuenda ikoko. Muna November 1929, apo Stalin vakati kuti panyaya collectivization vakatanga "guru chakachinja", uye vanhu vanoburuka vari mapoka mumapurazi, chaizvoizvo yaisanganisira 6-7 chete% of mapurazi. Uyezve, mutero kufurirwa kwakaita kuti vakawanda chiito varimi dzimwe nguva kudirwa dzinongoitika chimurenga.

Pashure Stalin okuti pamusoro "pakachinja" collectivization muSoviet Union wakakurumidza. Pamberi webato utungamiriri Republic kuisa pachena deadlines kuti varimi vose munzvimbo vaifanira kubatanidzwa kupinda mumapurazi. Misa kutorerwa uye kudzingwa of "kulaks" iri rakakura pamwero: asi Urals uye Siberia vakaenda zviuru zvevanhu munguva pfupi ichangopfuura akabudirira wehondo. Under cannibalization Zvisinei, vakawira kwete chete zvakanaka-kure vanhuwo zvavo, munzvimbo dzakawanda, yava ikava banal ugororo. Kazhinji, paiva zviitiko apo vemo kurovedzera runokukura kubva dzokumaruwa zvirindo, kunyange midziyo, uye chibhakera kana prokulak akataura nevaya anongoti havadi kuenda purazi. Pakadaro, vomumusha vakatanga kutizira kuguta, kutengesa pfuma yavo pasina, kuti zvimwe vapone.

mutemo uyu zvakaguma nokuwedzera kwenhamba uye murimi mudiki yokumukira. Nyika yakanga pamahombekombe yevagari vemo. Chete kusava sangano uye murombo vanhuwo zvavo zvombo akabvumira Bolsheviks kudzivisa mumwe pavanotaurirana chakakomba. Uye kunogona kuparadza simba ravo, nekuti vava kutsigira hurumende - hondo - vazhinji vavo vakauya kubva mumusha. Muna March 1930, ari kumanikidza varimi vakasarudza kuderedza. The pati achitonga itsva, sezvo ino yakabudiswa pamberi Stalin kuti "nzwa dzungu ne Kubudirira", akashora kumanikidzwa pamusoro kupinda papurazi. Vanhuwo zvavo vakatanga kuenda chirwirangwe akavenga kuti upfumi hwavo. Asi kudzokera akanga asipo. Dzakabuda purazi kuzviuru mitero yakadaro kuti atungamirire nyika munda hadzisi zvinobvira.

Kunobva collectivization

Pakazosvika 1932, collectivization muSoviet Union chaizvoizvo kupera. Vazhinji varimi basa iri mumapurazi. Ndizvo chete basa ravo ivo vakapiwa mugove duku chirimwa. The zororo iri aivigirwa. Zvakaguma hombe kuba yechibage muminda, nokuti izvo mitemo itsva inopiwa kwemakore 10 kana kuuraya. Zviyo kumatunhu ari USSR nzara akarova. MuUkraine, somuenzaniso, akafa rose nemisha. Zvaisava varivo vari Kazakh steppes, uko workpiece iri kutevedzerwa nyama.

Kutaura zvazviri, collectivization kuti zvinangwa kunge kubudirira. Kutyisidzirwa udzvanyiriri uye nzara vanhuwo zvavo nokuzvininipisa aishanda papurazi mukutsinhana shomanana kubhadhara iri mhando - vanonzi workdays. Hurumende akagamuchira kubva musha zvakakodzera zvinhu. Asi mumapurazi pachavo havana kuva vanobudirira mapurazi, asi nekusiyana, vanova mumwe zvinokonzera matambudziko hwenyika yeSoviet.