Polovtsian inowanzorimwa: tsananguro, nhoroondo, vanhu uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

Shoko rokuti "inowanzorimwa Polovtsian" raishandiswa Ages kunan'anura rakakura Eurasian inowanzorimwa, iyo yakakura Cumans akararama. Chokutanga, zita rakabayirwa Persia, uye ipapo zvakava yakakurumbira dzimwe nyika, kusanganisira Russia. Arab akashandisawo rokuti "Kipchak danho", kureva. K. Polovtsi dzave kuzivikanwa somunhu kypchaki. madzinza izvi ringangodaro raitonga munzvimbo iri XI-XIII emakore. Kuguma kwavo kwaizoita kwakaratidza Mongol nechisimba.

Kunotsvaka musha mutsva

Nepariri Polovtsian inowanzorimwa rinotaura nzvimbo yakakura. Zvakatangira kuruboshwe kumahombekombe Danube, pamusoro nharaunda ano Romania. Misasa yaigarwa nyika ano Moldova, Ukraine, Russia uye kuKazakhstan. The easternmost pfungwa anogona kunzi Lake Balkhash. In kumuganhu kumaodzanyemba inowanzorimwa waiva Gungwa Dema, Mountains Caucasus, kweGungwa reCaspian uye Semi-mumarenje Central Asia. In kuchamhembe ndikaisa dzinongoitika muganhu ari muchimiro masango okumusoro kunosvika of Dnieper, nyika North-Eastern Russia, Volga Bulgaria, kuti Kama River uye Irtysh. Uyewo Polovtsian inowanzorimwa yakakamurwa kumadokero (kubva Danube kusvikira kuGungwa reCaspian) uye kumabvazuva (kubva reCaspian kusvika Altai).

Kusvikira XI remakore Kipchak akararama pamahombekombe ari Irtysh. Asi kumativi 1030, vakatamira kumavirira, kunyange kuEastern Europe. Resettlement haana runyararo. Kutamira kumavirazuva, kuti Cumans vakadzingwa mudzimba dzavo Pechenegs uye Hungarians. Raiva kubatwa kwemafuro matsva. Kashoma muArabhu vakanga chaizvo ivo vachasangana vari kure dzokuMadokero. Asi chokwadi chinoramba kuti hapana inowanzorimwa madzinza muEastern Europe vaisagona kurega yakakuwandira yavo.

vavakidzani polovtsev

Pakutanga XI remakore Polovtsian inowanzorimwa akava varidzi itsva, vaigara nemitemo utsinye nemauto hweruzhinji. Invasions (uye saka kwemahofisi vose) rinotungamirirwa matarenda vehondo vaitsvaka kuzivikanwa muhondo. Nokuti anongofamba mudziyo isimba yakanga ubiquitous. mvumo Most vaifarira munzvimbo, kuchamhembe apo iwe vakatanga Rus. Polovtsian inowanzorimwa akafukidza pano ndivo kupfuura ivhu rakaorera, uyezve, kupfuura zvakakodzera kufudza mombe uye mabhiza, pasina izvo inowanzorimwa vaisafananidzira hwake. Ndivo vaiva Azov uye Lower Don nyika. Uyewo pane dzino dzakatevedzana zvinosanganisira kuitika Donetsk nharaunda Ukraine (nhasi kune nzvimbo paki "Polovtsian inowanzorimwa").

nzvimbo idzi vasati akararama Pechenegs uye vokuBulgaria. Pedyo okumusoro kunosvika of Northern Donets vaiva dzisingambosvikiki uye kure nenzvimbo anongofamba vamabhiza yakasvika zvakanga zvakaoma. Pakanga Alans - vakasara aimbova varidzi yomudondo-inowanzorimwa. Uyewo ari dzakaderera kunosvika of Volga waivapo pamberi ari Khazar Khanate, akaparadza necheSalvic nehondo Svyatoslav pakati Kiev. Vagari venyika idzi vari zvishoma hwakakanyiwa Polovtsy uye vamwe vakachinja pakuonekwa kwavo kuitwa kwacho.

dzinza mugate

Kugara itsva munzvimbo, Kipchak vakava vavakidzani guzskih uye Pecheneg revanhu. muArabhu izvi zvakabatsira chaizvo basa Kuronga idzva Polovtsian vomunharaunda. Simba Guz uye Pechenegs nezvainoita kuvigwa tsika vatenzi itsva steppes. Kurarama pamahombekombe ari Irtysh, polovtsy akadurura ibwe pazvikomo. Ake muviri zvakakodzera musoro kumabvazuva. Hako akaisa parutivi chitunha bhiza, iro tsoka otchlenyali. Muchiitiko ichi Polovtsy inowanzorimwa zvaishamisa kuti rutivi. Vane zvakafanana anokudza vakavigwa vose varume nevakadzi.

Panzvimbo itsva dzokugara, mhemberero idzi vava Blurred necheseri vatana tsika veko. Panzvimbo ibwe pazvikomo akauya nyore kupikidura. Asi, bhiza akatanga kundoviga effigy ake. The muviri zvino akaisa musoro wake kumavirira. Kuchinja mariro mhemberero vasingagoni nani munguva anosimbirira madzinza kuchinja ruzivo Polovtsian inowanzorimwa. The Vagari nharaunda iyi yagara gogonera. Polovtsi mu nhamba vakanga kunyange zvakawanda zvichienzaniswa vavakidzani vayo. Asi avo mazana maviri emakore nharaunda muchinangwa wokutanga gitare, nekuti pakati pavo vari kupfuura basa uye simba vehondo, kuti anokunyaradza vavengi uye vakwikwidzi.

kuwana kumusha

Modern vanochera matongo nyore kunotsanangurwa ndima, izvo kuMiddle Ages akatora Cumans, nemhaka maitiro ibwe zvivezwa. chifananidzo yokutanga yakadaro akazviratidza pamusoro kuchamhembe kwemhenderekedzo Gungwa Azov ezasi kunosvika of Seversky Donets. Hazvina sandara uye stelovidnye zvivezwa unoratidza chiso uye zvimwe zvikamu zvevanhu mufananidzo (maoko, chipfuva). vanodhirowa izvi kana vanokweverwa kana kugadzirwa muchimiro yakaderera reliefs.

Kunyange nechisimba eMongolia iri Polovtsian inowanzorimwa haana kuparadza izvi kuziva Zvivako zviri ichikosha. Statue rinotaura varume navakadzi, uye zvave fanira unhu pamarudzi dzinoyera, izvo zvaizoitawo zvaibva pachikuva rechipiri nomadism. Mushure rokutanga Danho (kubvuta uye kutama pacharo) Polovets Society yadzika. Kuronga anongofamba pakutengeserana. Vawana zvachose yechando uye chirimo kupaka. Kurera Zvidhori dzechitendero inowanzorimwa akasimbisa: vari kumusha kwavo mutsva kwenguva yakareba.

Cumans uye Russia

Uchapupu vatorwa pamusoro Polovtsy rokutanga zvinosanganisira 1030 vake. Kana vakatanga kuronga kutanga mishandirapamwe kurwisa vavakidzani kuti kuzopamba. Akagadzirisa vagari nyika dzechiKristu zvishoma kufarira kune zvaiitika dzesango uye kure inowanzorimwa. Saka, kokutanga vaitaura pamusoro Polovtsy panguva chaiyo iyoyo kana ivo nechisimba musha wavo.

Pedyo muvakidzani muArabhu itsva (sezvakaita pamwe Pechenegs) raiva Russ. Nokuti nguva yokutanga Cumans akaedza kutorera vapfumi kuMabvazuva necheSalvic nyika muna 1060. Zvadaro kusangana kukokwa vakokwa akasiya hondo Prince Svyatoslav pamusoro Chernigov Yaroslavovych. Yakanga runa muduku kupfuura vazhinji pakati inowanzorimwa vanogara, asi izvozvo hazvina kumisa Russian kukupfura kurova muvengi. Kuti gore, muArabhu vakawanda vakaurayiwa uye rikanyuramo mvura yorwizi zvakare. Zvisinei, musangano wacho pashure mberi dambudziko chete, zvoda kuwira pamusoro Russia.

refu Standoff

Kusvikira 1060 kumabvazuva necheSalvic nyika hapana ainyatsoziva chii Polovtsian inowanzorimwa. With veMubatanidzwa pamuganhu muArabhu mhuka uye utsinye, dzaiva zvikuru kupfuura Pechenegs, vagari Russia involuntarily aifanira vajaire itsva hachifadzi nharaunda. Nokuti mumwe anenge maviri emakore Polovtsy tichingotarisira nechisimba munyika yavo.

Nokuti Russia kushorwa uyu kunyange nengozi kuoma nokuti kuti zviri XI remakore, pamberi kusaroora anenge apinda padanho enyika kusabatana. aripo kare monolithic Kiev simba akakwanisa kurwa pamusoro zvakaenzana usakurirwe nokutyisidzira kuti exudes Polovtsian inowanzorimwa. Kunyanya weboka Russia kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti munharaunda yacho pane akawanda akazvimirira zvemisoro. Kazhinji, havana chete vakabatana ravo pakurwisana inowanzorimwa, asi akarwa mumwe.

kutyisidzira itsva

Polovtsi kukakavara raiwanzoshandiswa vasingarangwi, zvakapambwa uye vachiendeswa vashandire zvawakabatira vanhuwo zvavo kuzvidzivirira wokumaodzanyemba yawo. Uyezve, kuti muArabhu vakatanga kuhaya basa dzimwe machinda, vakati kubva dzakavakidzana zvemisoro vakarwa hama dzavo. Saka polovtsy pachena rakapinda zvakadzama Russia uye ipapo uchinyali ropa.

utongi Polovtsian ari steppes yoKumabvazuva Europe akanyangarika pashure kubva Asia akauya mumwe sefungu muArabhu. Ndivo eMongolia. Ivo kunyange vakawanda, ferocity uye utsinye. Maviri emakore, kumucheto Europe Cumans mupfungwa, kuva pedyo budiriro. The tsika eMongolia vaiva makasimba zvikuru uye kupfuura ngwizhingwi.

Kutsakatika of Polovtsian

Kokutanga imwe mhirizhonga idzva nechisimba munyika Polovtsy muna 1220 kwakaita. Okupedzisira akabatana machinda Russian, asi nedambudziko unorema kukundwa mu Hondo Kalka River. Hapana aitarisira inotyisa nengozi yakadaro yaimiririra eMongolia. The Polovtsian steppes zvose zvakanga pedyo kuchinja zvikuru. Mushure wokutanga bvuta Mongolian payakakurudzirwa wakadzoka. Zvisinei, muna 1236, vakadzoka. Mumakore mashomanana, havana akakunda vose Polovtsian inowanzorimwa kusvikira pamuganhu kuHungary. Uyezve, havana yapa mutero Russia.

Polovtsi haana akanyangarika kubva panyika, asi ivo vari kurarama muuranda chinzvimbo. Zvishoma nezvishoma, vanhu ava hwakakanyiwa Mongol mapoka. Kubva kuitwa ichi chakaitika Tatars, Bashkirs, uye zvichingodaro. D. Kubvira XIII remakore, shoko rokuti "Polovtsian inowanzorimwa" yava zvekare.