Mark Katon Elder: upenyu uye basa. A bhuku iri kurima

Enyika uye munyori Cato Mukuru (Elder akadana kwaari zvizvarwa, kwete kuti kuvhiringidzwa muzukuru chibvi) akaberekwa muna 234 BC. e. Aiva chizvarwa reguta Tusculum, yaiva shoma gumi chete kubva kuRoma, uye vaiva nemhuri plebeian.

Kushumira muchiuto

Cato aizova hwose kuti vanoirima dai asina zvakatanga muna 218 BC. e. Second Punic War. Apo Roma kukwikwidzana muCarthage, ane mutungamiri Hannibal munguva ushingiwo pamushandirapamwe yakarwisa Italy. Nokuda akaoma mamiriro muuto zvokuvhoterwa rashevedzwa kunyange Cato vaduku chaizvo Mukuru. Akakurumidza zvemariro uto wechuru. A mashoma makore jaya akashanda kweSisiri. pakarepo foromani wake aiva akakurumbira mukuru Mark Klavdy Marcellus.

Muna 209 BC. e. Cato Mukuru akapinda basa wehondo Quintus Fabius Maksimu Kunktatoru. Akabva ari muuto Gaya Klavdiya Nero zvayo pamisara vakatora chikamu mune hondo Metavre KuNorthen Italy. Muhondo iyi, vaRoma kusarudza akakunda muduku mukoma Hannibal Gadrubala. Long danidziro neCarthage akabvumira matarenda Marcus Cato kuzadzisa kuziva pasinei rake pasi-kuzvarwa mavambo. "Vanhu New" MuRoma yekare, zvinokosha zvakadai inonzi.

Panguva Second Punic War, Cato akaita zvakawanda zvinobatsira kuti ramangwana basa kudanana. Somuenzaniso, akaita shamwari Lucius Valeriem Flakkom, uyo akazova praetor Republic. Chimwe chinokonzera kuwedzera Mark akanga rufu vakawanda vairemekedzwa veRoma munguva yehondo. upenyu kunyanya vazhinji vamiririri kwamachinda akatora hondo Cannae, umo Cato kuti kutora chikamu pamusoro mufaro wavo, kwete kwenguva.

204 BC. e. Mark akava pakona. In yayo-gore 30 gore, iye akagadzwa mukuru quaestor vaPubhirio Scipio, uyo atora pamusoro sangano yeRoma nechisimba North Africa, inova moyo Carthaginian simba, uye zita remadunhurirwa muAfrica. Mauto aifanira kuyambuka Mediterranean kubva kweSisiri. Panguva kugadzirira kunzwisisa mashandiro Scipio vakakakavadzana mubatsiri wake. Maererano neimwe shanduro yekare kare, Cato Mukuru, akapomera mubati zvoufuza toreva sangano iri kumhara. Vanonzi mutungamiri asina zvaaiita kupedza nguva yake dzemitambo uye anoparadzira dzakazvitsaurira papfuma mari. Mune imwe shanduro zvinokonzera kukakavara vaiva zvakadzama uye ndiye kunetsana pakati Scipio uye Cato Flaccus vanoitisana. Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi wose mugumo Second Punic War quaestor rakaitirwa Sardinia. Kururama Hazvizivikanwi kana akanga achiri Africa uye kana kubvuma kusangana yairwirwa hondo Zama. Zvinofungwa vanyori vekare panhau diverge.

Kutanga kwake rezvematongerwe

Muna 202 BC. e. kuguma Second Punic War. Mumakore akawanda kurwisana , weRoma Republic achiri akunda muCarthage uye vakava hegemonic kumadokero kweGungwa reMediterranean. African aikwikwidza kuramba rusununguko, asi zvakati simba. Pakatanga World Mark Katon Elder akatamira guru. Nokukurumidza akatanga enyika pachena basa. Muna 199 BC. e. anobva mhando plebeian aedile akagadzwa, uye papera gore - Pretoria.

New vachizvipikisa mamiriro Cato Mukuru akatamira Sardinia, uko gavhuna akatora umhare kwokubatsira itsva. Praetor pachitsuwa akakurumbira nokuti yabviswa izvozvo moneylenders. Mukuru akashamiswa vagari vanhuwo, kuramba kutenda navaranda vake uye ngoro. maitiro ake zvinoshamisa dhigirii, akaratidza frugality pachake ari kushandisa mari paruzhinji (tsika iyi Cato akaramba kusvikira parufu rwake).

veHigh

Nokuda unoshamisa ruzhinji pakuonekwa uye mabasa muna Sardinia gwara rava huru ukoshi iri guru. Muna 195 BC. e. Cato Mukuru akasarudzwa Mumiriri. Mune Republic, nzvimbo iyi anonzi kumusoro iri yose bureaucratic manera. By tsika, kuti consuls vaviri vanosarudzwa kuti izwi gore. Partner Cato aiva ake anorichengeta nemakore Lucius Valeriy Flakk.

Kuva Mumiriri, Mark ipapo akaenda Spain, uko yemuna payakatanga Iberians vemo vakanga vasingagutsikane nevaRoma. The Seneti vakapfuura Cato 15000th mauto uye vashoma rengarava. Namapoka izvi Mumiriri vambotiza Iberian Peninsula. Speech vapanduki nokukurumidza yakanga woutsinye. Asi Cato zviito kwakamutsa yakavhenganiswa maitiro muRoma. The guru anzwa runyerekupe pamusoro parudo rwake utsinye, izvo zvakakonzera kupesana pamwe Iberians akanga zvinowedzerwa kunyange zvakawanda. Cato aiva mukuru achitsoropodza Scipio Africanus, vaakanga somutariri quaestor. Muna 194 BC. e. Jinda ichi akasarudzwa sezvichakurukurwa Mumiriri. Akabvunza kuti weSeneti kuongorora Cato muSpain, asi vakuru vakaramba kumisa chirongwa. Uyezve, vakabvumira weuto vakadzokera kupedza guru zvetsika kwokukunda rinomirira mupiro wake zvikuru kuti hurumende.

The hondo hwekwaSeleucus

A dambudziko idzva Cato Mukuru yaiva hondo reSiriya (192-188 gg. BC. E.). Kusiyana zita raro, rakanga muGirisi uye Asia Minor, apo uto vavamba vekwaSeleucus mamiriro akasikwa kubudikidza vatsivi Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Uyo akakunda muCarthage Roman Republic zvino akatarira kumabvazuva kweMediterranean uye haana kuenda kubvumira nokusimbaradza ayo zvakananga mukwikwidzi.

Mark Katon Elder akaenda kuhondo somunhu muchiuto wavarwi achitungamirirwa Kukara Glabrio, iyoyo Mumiriri. Pachinzvimbo webasa rake, akashanyira maguta akawanda muchiGiriki. Muna 191 BC. e. Cato akatora mugove Hondo Thermopylae, panguva iyo ravanofanira inokosha dzakakwirira kupfuura akaita inokosha mupiro pokukundwa vekwaSeleucus vavo vatsigiri vari Aetolians. Mark pachake akaenda kuRoma kuti vaudze weSeneti pamusoro-refu akamirirwa kubudirira hondo.

Mutsoropodzi evanhu zvakaipa

Re-Vakazopinda muguta guru, Cato Mukuru akava mutauri kakawanda panguva Forum, matare uye Seneti. Mukuru chinangwa chake pachena kutaura aiva simba nekuongorora yeRoma vakakwirira. Kazhinji, asi "vanhu itsva", wokutanga mumhuri yake kumuka zvaikosha ruzhinji hofisi, akaedza kubatanidza pamwe vamiririri kwamachinda. Cato vakaita chaizvo zvakasiyana. Iye anogara achipinda zvinopesana kwamachinda. Sezvo vawirwa mitemo rokutanga panzvimbo vakasarudzwa vavengi shamwari dzavo Flaccus. Ukuwo, iye akashora vakakwirira zvarwo, nekuti iwo zvaanofunga, iri yakazoona yanyura mumadhaka kunyanya hwokusanyara.

Achifuridzirwa zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe rino zvishoma nezvishoma kwave dzidziso Cato Mukuru, gare gare vakava nomukurumbira mumapeji zvaakanyora. Kuda kuchochora akasarangarira zvinonyangadza utsanzi kutambudza tsika vaigara achizvininipisa madzitateguru. Akanyevera vomunguva yake kuti awane rudo pfuma kutevera Misa kusanyara, maturo, nokuzvikudza, kutsvinyirwa uye utsinye, nengozi yose vanhu yeRoma. Cato akadana noudyire vairemekedzwa, kudzivirira chete zvarwo, asi mbiri madzitateguru apfuura vakashanda zvikurukuru kuti ruzhinji tibatsirwe.

Mumwe zvikonzero kupararira zvakaipa rinonzi enyika kufurirwa vatorwa. Cato Waitova antiellinistom. Akashora Greek zvose, uye somugumisiro, vanyori mazara tsika iyi muRoma (pakati raiva chete African Scipio). nokukurumidza kuchinja pfungwa Cato akanzwisisa zita tsika kuora dzidziso. Hatigoni kutaura kuti enyika ino yagadzirwa izvozvo, asi ndiye yakatanga dzidziso iyi uye akariita zvizere vapedza. Uyezve, Mark ellinofilov mhosva, vakanga chikamu uto utungamiriri munyika, iri zvisizvo simba uye kusadiwa kurangwa zvechiuto.

kuchinja mutauriri

Sezvo aizivikanwa murwi kuti kuchena tsika Cato akaenda kakawanda kuna Greece, kwaakanga akarwa veko vemanyepo ezvitendero. The kupfuura nomukurumbira vemunharaunda dzakadaro vaiva vateveri Mwari ainzi Bacchus, iro rakakurudzira ane orgy, hunonyadzisa uye udhakwa. Cato reba vakatevera nezveizvi. Panguva iyoyowo, nepo Greece, haana kukanganwa pamusoro wake rezvematongerwe. Sezvo mauto akatora rutivi nedzenyu akurukure kurerutsa Aetolians.

Asi maonero enyika uye zvoupfumi pamusoro Cato Mukuru kuwedzera yakasvava asati kuchinja pfungwa lobbying. The zvikuru yokuita nzira kuchinja vanhu seizvi anogona kuva chinzvimbo pakati aongororwe. Cato akaedza kuti akasarudzirwa chepamusoro 189 BC. e., asi chokutanga kuedza akabuda lumpy. Kusiyana nevamwe vatongi censors zvakachinja kupfuura kamwe pagore, uye kamwe pamakore mashanu ose. Naizvozvo, rinotevera mukana wokuti zvakanga chete muna 184 BC. e. Cato Mukuru kare akasimbisa pacharo sezvo yakakura kuchinja. Other Vakwikwidzi chinzvimbo zvakanga zvakasiyana manyoro zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe. Asi Cato vakasimbirira kuti: Iye akaramba kuti vanhu Roman yaida huru kuzununguka menyika.

The chikuru mukwikwidzi aimbova Mumiriri aiva munun'una Lucius Scipio Africanus. Mark akasarudza kurwisa anokumhan'arira, kurwisa inozivikanwa zvikuru hama. Pausiku musarudzo, akanyengetedza Quintus Neviya, akashanda wavarwi, Scipio mhosva hurumende. Musimboti kutaura rakanga kuti wavarwi zvichipomerwa nokuda fufuro akabvuma kusaina runyararo chibvumirano munyoro Antiochus yeSiriya, kuti kukuvadza dzemarudzi zvido Republic.

Tsenzorstvo

Public rinoshamisa Cato Mukuru zvakabudirira. mukoma Scipio yaiva vakakundwa. Aongororwe kubva plebeians akatanga Cato, uye shamwari yake Lucius Flaccus akatora yakafanana nechinzvimbo pamusoro patricians. chinzvimbo ichi akapa masimba akawanda akasiyana. Censors vakatevera tsika kushandisa mari vadzore paruzhinji zveminda dzinotevera yemutero uye mabasa, nokuudza kwerunyararo uye kuvakwa kwezvivako zvikuru uye migwagwa.

Cato Mukuru, uyo makore oupenyu (234-149 gg. BC. E.) Akadonha pamusoro chinokosha kukura Roman mutemo yaitonga, pasarudzo, kuva shure chirongwa kuvandudza utano zviremera ose zvakaipa. The aongororwe akatanga dzika nayo, kwangopera ndine nguva kutora hofisi. "Recovery" anonyanya wakaderedzwa kusvika kudzingwa weSeneti zvaipesana Cato enyika. Mark akaita mumwe Flaccus (Valeria) princeps. Akabva akapedza chaiwo okugadziridza chete mune panhengo vatasvi. vatsoropodzi vakawanda aongororwe vakanga vasingagoni rakaropafadzwa mukirasi zvakarurama, kusanganisira mukoma Lucius Scipio Africanus. Cato pachake airwisana pamwe vamabhiza kubvira panguva yake Spanish nhimbe, kana waiva vamabhiza wehondo simba kubatana.

Kunze nhengo nevaitonga revatongi mhuri yekare akatanga yakakwirira munzanga nemaune chiitiko. Cato Mukuru, uyo Biography ndiyo muenzaniso "murume mutsva", yokuedza pamusoro neropafadzo VaRoma dzakawanda, chii chakaita ruvengo rwavo undisguised. Sezvo aongororwe, iye aitarisira okuverengwa uye vaigona inoodza mwoyo yavo vagari pamwe chete pfuma mukirasi. Wandei vagari vakapfuma umambo akarasikirwa chinzvimbo chake. Heaping pamusoro pavo zvisarudzo, Cato akatarisa kwemaitiro Roman kana upfumi hwayo zvakanaka.

Aongororwe yave yekudyidzana makawedzera mutero pazvokudya uye mudzimba varanda. Akaedza kurera zveminda hurumende uye kuderedza mari vairemekedzwa. Change chibvumirano chinoguma varimi kwemitero, Cato anunura rebei mari. Mari idzi aishandiswa agadziridze guta mapaipi, rakatarira ibwe tsime uye kuvaka chechi itsva panguva Forum. Uyewo, kuti aongororwe mumwe initiators itsva sarudzo mutemo. Maererano netsika Roman, richakunda vaida chepamusoro romukova akapedza gala mitambo nokuparadzirwa zvipo. Zvino, Handouts awa vavhoti kuuya pasi idzva mirayiro yakasimba. Cato vaita vavengi vakawanda zvokuti akanga 44 nguva sued, asi nyaya chete, haana kumborasa.

kukwegura

Mushure yapfuura ayo kusenza Cato vakaita kwaakaita yayo matunhu makuru uye mabhuku mabasa. Kufarira upenyu paruzhinji, zvisinei, haana kurasa. Vamwe vake paruzhinji kuonekwa uye kambani akayeuchidza nguva vakararama kare censors.

Muna 171 BC. e. Cato akava nhengo basa kuti nezvokumwe kushungurudzwa vevatariri ari Spanish enyika. Akaenda mberi rokushora zvakaipa uye netsika kuderera. Zvisinei, vakawanda mitemo yayo kusenza, vakanga akadzima panguva hwake vava pamudyandigere. Cato akaramba marasha antiellinistom. Iye waitsigira kumira nevanhu vaGiriki, akavakurudzira kubvuma nhume.

Muna 152 BC. e. Cato akaenda muCarthage. The Embassy, umo aiva nhengo, chinofanira kufungwa muganhu nharo Numidia. Zvaakanga ari Africa, aimbova aongororwe nechokwadi kuti muCarthage akatanga kutevera yakazvimirira vatorwa mutemo weRoma. Kubvira panguva Second Punic War, rave chaizvo nguva refu uye-refu nguva muvengi, pasinei ayo aikosha kukundwa akatanga kusimudza musoro wayo zvakare.

Kare guru, Cato akatanga kudana vomunyika African kuparadza simba kusvikira vapora pashure yakareba dambudziko. Mashoko ake "muCarthage anofanira kuparadzwa" akaita rakavapo kupinda munyika dimikira, iro rinoshandiswa pakutaura nhasi. Echiuto vaenzi Roman aita yake. Third Punic Hondo yakatanga muna 149 BC. e., zvegore, akafa akwegura Cato-makore 85, uyo kumbogara kuona akamirirwa kwenguva refu kukundwa muCarthage.

"Nokuti mwanakomana Mark"

In hwake Cato vomunguva vakarangarira semutungamiri chinopenya muchiuto. Vakura akapinda zvematongerwo enyika. Pakupedzisira, pedyo kukwegura, akatanga kunyora bhuku. Ivo akaratidza pfungwa pedagogical pakati Cato Mukuru, uyo akaedza kutsanangura vakararama kudiwa kurwisa kuderera yetsika, kwete chete kuburikidza paruzhinji, asi achishandisa mabhuku.

Muna 192 BC. e. Mark mwanakomana akaberekwa wezvematongerwe enyika. Cato akanga anobatanidzwa pakurera mwana. Paakanga akura, baba vake akasarudza kunyora "Manual" nokuti iye (aizivikanwawo "To mwanakomana Mark"), wakaiswa uchenjeri hwake enyika uye nhoroondo Rome. Rakanga wokutanga mabhuku zvakaitika Cato Mukuru. Nyanzvi Modern tenda "Manual" tanga Roman enisaikoropidhiya, yaiva mashoko pamusoro zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe, mushonga uye kurima.

"On kurima"

Ledger, uyo akasiya Cato Mukuru - "On zvokurima" (akashandurwa se "On zvokurima" kana "Agriculture). Zvakanga zvakanyorwa pamusoro 160 BC. e. Basa iri muunganidzwa of 162 dzave uye mazano kumaruwa wakare zvakanaka. MuRoma vakadaidzwa latifundia. Yakakura matunhu ose kwamachinda vaiva nzvimbo kurimwa zviyo, waini uye kugadzirwa mafuta omuorivhi. Vari zvinowanzoshandiswa muranda wechibharo.

Kuti basa vakararama panguva zano Cato Mukuru? The yekutanga "On zvokurima" inogona huviri STRUCTURAL zvikamu. First nokungwarira paainyora, asi wechipiri akasiyana runobva nenzira. It hwakakanyiwa kunenge ari dzakasiyana-siyana kurapa zvetsika kune Quick. Chikamu chokutanga, Ukuwo, Kwakafanana bhuku rakanyorwa zvakanyatsorongwa.

Sezvo bhuku rave akagadzirirwa zvakananga vokumaruwa, hapana kuva chaizvo zvinokosha, uye mazita ari nani chaizvo zano, munyori rakanga Cato ari Elder. Economic Pfungwa basa rake riri chepamusoro pamusoro profitability pakubhadhara akasiyana kumapurazi. Chinonyanya kunobatsira asingashumbi munyori vaiona yemizambiringa, ichiteverwa unodiridzwa miriwo mapindu uye zvichingodaro. D. Panguva iyoyo akasimbisa yakaderera profitability chezviyo, izvo zvizere mubasa rake paakamisa Cato Mukuru. Quotes kubva mubhuku rino ipapo rinowanzoshandiswa nevamwe vanyori vekare mumabasa akasiyana. Nhasi bhuku anoonekwa akasiyana nemamwe mabhuku shongwe yekare, sezvo zviri nani kupfuura kumwe kupi rinotsanangura upenyu kumaruwa munyika yekare II remakore BC. e.

"Elements"

"Elements" - rimwe basa rinokosha, rakanyorwa Cato Mukuru. "On zvokurima" anozivikanwa kuti mukuru zvakadini nokuti kuti bhuku iyi yakaramba iri zvizere chimiro. "Elements" riri hwakawanda huripo chete nenzira vakapararira zvimedu. Zvakanga semitomnik yakatsaurirwa kuna nhoroondo Rome kubva pakuvambwa guta II remakore BC. e.

Cato Mukuru, dzidziso sangano rinonzi raiva itsva, akavamba manyorerwo akaitwa zvakakurumbira ekupedzisira arambe tsvakurudzo. Akatanga akasarudza kusiya enhetembo siyana uye kuenda prose. Uyezve, vamutangira akanyora nhoroondo mabasa nechiGiriki, apo Cato yaizongoshandiswa Latin.

Book iyi munyori kusiyana nemabasa zvekare pakuti haana yakaoma uye rondedzero zvinhu izvi uye kuedza kudzidza. izvi zvose anowanzoramba ano mabhuku yesayenzi dzemunharaunda sezvaari akanga Cato ari Elder. Photographically rokutora chiitiko, akapa mutengo wavo muverengi kuvimba ake kufarira dzidziso kuwa weRoma mores munzanga.