Marathon hondo: zuva, muchidimbu, dunhu

Munhau nyika munyika dzakawanda mune hondo aikosha, izvo kuva mhando chiratidzo zvizvarwa zvaizotevera. Nokuti Russia, ichi Borodino uye Stalingrad, France - vaizoitwazve kukombwa Orleans kuti vanhu vokuSerbia - Hondo Kosovo Polje. A yakafanana basa kuvaGiriki wakapata yedaro refu kurwa. Pfupiso zvinokonzera uye migumisiro hondo iyi ichakurukurwa pazasi. Victory muhondo iyi haisi chete kubvumirwa vaGiriki kudzivirira wavo rusununguko, asi kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu anoita kuti ramangwana ravo pamwe chete simba yakabatana kuti zvekunze ngozi.

Background kuti kunetsana

Muna VI remakore BC muna Pedyo uye Middle East yakaumbwa masimba makuru nguva - hwePezhiya. In nhamba yehondo iri pfupi nguva iye akunda uye akahwina zvakadai inoti zvikuru sezvo Media, Bhabhironi, Lydia uye Ijipiti. NevaPezhiya vakabatwa vakawanda Greek guta-mamiriro, iri munharaunda yose Asia Minor, kuTurkey ano.

Muna 499 BC. e. policies izvi dzakapandukira kutonga Persian. Rinokosha rubatsiro vane Athens, izvo kubudikidza iyoyo, nokuda dzinoverengeka akakurumbira voruzhinji, kuita gutsaruzhinji kuchinja, akatanga kuridza enyika uye zvoupfumi basa rinokosha pakati Greek guta-inotaura.

Asi yemuna yakanga ichiri yakapwanyika hondo muPezhiya. Uye nokuti pachavo nevaPezhiya Athens chipingaidzo munyaya umambo waiva mukana wakanaka pakuwedzera sangano iri muBalkan Peninsula, iri kubatwa zvavakaudzwa refu ndafungira.

Kwehondo

Muna 492, kubudikidza zvarayirwa namambo wePersia Dhariusi I vakakundwa muThrace - nyika riri chaipo kumiganhu Greece. Ipapo mwene Empire akatuma kokupedzisira ose guta-in Greece, aida kuziva mutemo wake. Chinenge policies vose Greece, achitya simba nevaPezhiya, nokuzvininipisa akabvumirana nezvaidiwa ichi, kunze rusununguko veAteni uye Sparta.

Kusarudza kuranga vaAtene kuti obstinacy, Dhariyasi I vakatumira 490 BC. e. nokuti kukunda kwavo rwendo, rinotungamirirwa mwanakomana wehanzvadzi yake Artafernom. NevaPezhiya nyore Akakunda chitsuwa Nakosos uye tikamira mu Euboea - pachitsuwa paiva mubatanidzwa guta Eretria Atene. Munguva yokukombwa inorema mauto Dhariusi akakwanisa kubata mutemo uyu nekushandisa nekunyengera vomunzvimbo. The guta raiva vasaratidza kurwara dzichapambwa, uye vaigaramo varanda.

Pashure paizvozvo, simba Persian nechikepe akananga Attica - nharaunda Greek apo Atene yaiva. Ikoko akasvika pedyo netaundi duku Marathon. Zviri pano kuti paiva hondo kukosha Marathon kuvaGiriki. Date 12 September 490 BC. e. Zvaiva kwavari here wemasaini.

pamberi hondo

Rekukwazisa vaAtene vakanzwa kumhara kwaDhariusi mauto pedo neguta ravo, ivo pakarepo akatuma kuhondo kuzosangana navo. Zvakanga chaizvo chisingatarisirwi kuti zvasarudzwa nevaPezhiya, nekuti vaifunga kuti hondo vanganzi diki veAteni vanosarudza kuramba pakukombwa mukati pamasvingo eguta, uye kwete kusangana navo zvinopfuura nhamba muvengi musango.

Zvisinei, vaGiriki pachavo havana pakarepo kugamuchira sarudzo iyi, pasinei nokuti vaAtene vakauya kuzobatsira vagari kubhadhara. Asi mutungamiri Miltiades akanyengetedza Mukuru Wehondo Kallimaha kudiwa danho iri. Kutaura kwake ounyanzvi kunyengetedzwa uye dzimwe Nyanzvi dzezvehondo havana kumirira Spartan hondo, waiva nokukurumidza kuuya kuzonunura, uyewo kurwa vakaburuka munhau zvinogona kushandiswa kutanga, sezvo hondo Marathon. The hurongwa ndiko vakashamiswa. At mukuru kanzuru iri murayiro muhondo kuuya akapomerwa Miltiades.

mauto muvengi

Maererano nevanyori venhau dzakaitika, hondo wechiGiriki raiva 000 VaAtene 9000-10 uye 1000 Plataeans. The chikuru rehondo ndero mauto akanga hoplites vakaronga vari phalanx. Kuputsa hurongwa yakadaro, zvinosanganisira vakarangwa uye ruzivo varwi, zvakanga zvakaoma. Kurudyi parutivi kweuto chiGiriki dzakanga riri hoplites rinotungamirirwa Callimachus, pakati - varwi veAteni uye Phil Antiohidy Leontidy, vachitungamirirwa ukuwo, Aristides uye Themistocles, remangwana gamba pamusoro kuSaramisi hondo wengarava, chiuru Plataeans rakanga riri parutivi kuruboshwe.

Ve vaiva mauto muPezhiya. Maererano nenyanzvi, hwakanga vaifamba netsoka 25,000 uye navatasvi chiuru. Kunyange zvazvo vanyori vekare kuti Gloss pamusoro mukukunda vaGiriki kupa kwokufananidzira 200 uye kunyange 600 zviuru. Asi Qualitative Zvinoumba weuto Persian yakanga kupfuura muAtene, nokuti, kusiyana monolithic Greek phalanx kwaisanganisira zvikuru zvakasiyana dzakabatana uye madzinza akasiyana. Havasi vose vari zvakanaka akashongedzerwa. Mukuwedzera, vaGiriki vaiva zvikuru chakaita, nokuti wakarwira rusununguko rwavo uye nyika, sezvo kusiyana varwi Persian kuenda kuhondo nokuda zvinodiwa namambo.

kurwisana

Marathon hondo yakatanga nokukurumidza kutanga nevaGiriki. Kuparadzanisa kubva nevaPezhiya nehafu makiromita, ivo chaizvoizvo akamhanya, kunyange sokudaro, sezvo vaAtene hoplites vaiva varwi akapakata zvombo.

Chokutanga, akasimba nechepakati mugove Persian hondo chakatsindirwa vezvikwata fil Antiohidy uye Leontidy, uye kutanga kutsvaka kwavo. Asi ndero Army vaiva pachiuno ndakasimba, apo vaPezhiya, ivo raiva marudzi havaratidzi vakarongeka uye havaratidzi zvombo. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, munzvimbo idzi uye Plataeans vokuAtene vaipemberera ravo kukunda pamusoro muvengi. Asi, kusiyana vaPezhiya, havana vakatanga kutevera kutiza muvengi, uye vakatendeukira zvombo zvavo pamusoro pehondo Dhariusi pakati. Saka, uye munharaunda iyi vaGiriki chizadzike munhu mutsindo ukuru mauto. rinoshamisa ichi kukava vanetseka yose uto Persian, uye akatanga kutizira zvikepe zvavo.

Panguva ino, vaGiriki haana kukunetsa uye vakamhanya vari vachitsvaka kurwa gadziriro akarasika zvachose nomuvengi. Somugumisiro, kunze kwenguva yakatarwa kwevakafa, 7 ngarava Persian vakabatwa, uye vaGiriki vapedza zvizere yedaro refu kukunda pakurwa. Driving hondo iyi inokosha iri pazasi.

hondo zvabuda

VaAtene, pamwe chete vagari mari, Chokwadi, akakunda hondo Marathon. Miltiades Hurongwa akaruramiswa zvakakwana pacharo. About izvi zvakakomba kare havapo akasiyana pfungwa maonero. Asi nhamba yevanhu nokufungidzira zvakasiyana-siyana.

Asi zvakarurama kudenha kwenhamba rinenge akararama zviitiko - Herodotus, nokuda kwokushayiwa zvinhu zvakakodzera uye vhidhiyo chawo, hapana anogona. Anoti anenge 192 vakaurayiwa nevaGiriki navaPersia 6400. Uye pakati pavakafa vaGiriki vaiva zvakadai unhu akakurumbira sezvo Callimachus uye Cynaegirus.

Kumhanya vachikanganisa upenyu

Pangosvika hondo Marathon, vaGiriki akatuma nhume kuna Athens Evkla vachifara nhau kupembera. Akanga saka aida kufadza vamwe vavo vagari, kuti 40 makiromita raiparadzanisa Marathon kubva kuguta rake nokumba, chaizvoizvo mhepo akamhanya. Vakamhanyira muguta square, akati vagari mutemo kukunda uye ipapo akafa nechirwere chomwoyo.

Zvisinei, nhoroondo rakarurama ngano iyi zvikuru chokwadi, asi mumwe zvikuru nevanhu yokumhanya anoranga, kureva muchinjikwa 42.195? Km yedaro refu runhare.

Kukosha Hondo Marathon

hondo Marathon haisi hwogumisa kuti zvinotarisirwa nevaPezhiya kuwana nzvimbo muBalkans, zvikurukuru kukunda Greece. Zviri makore chete 10 Akamboramba plan, kana achiri hondo vakawanda waAhashivheroshi, mwanakomana kwaDhariusi yakarwisa Hellas. Asi Airamba kukunda uku akafuridzirwa ipapo vaGiriki kune tariro sokuti kupoterera. Marathon kurwa akaratidza kuti kunyange chiduku simba anogona kukunda hondo huru asi kurwara-zvakarongwa kuti nechisimba.

Kuyeukwa Hondo Marathon

Ndangariro kukunda uku haasi rirasikirwe kwezviuru zvemakore. rinokosha nzvimbo yakadaro ndakabatikana Marathon hondo mumwoyo nevaGiriki. Musi rake kwagara dzvene nevaGiriki. Asi hondo iyi yakanga chinokosha kwete chete nokuda rumwe, zvaikosha yose munhoroondo yenyika. Izvi zvingaratidza kanenge yokuti chero chikoro bhuku iri kare yakavhenekerwa yedaro refu kurwa. mugwaro 5th muzvikoro Russian hazvo kuongorora nyaya iyi mukufamba kare. Ose munhu akadzidza kuziva pamusoro chiitiko.

Zvino chete obelisk rinoti kuti panzvimbo zvino amire gomo, kana chinhu chakaitika Marathon pakurwa. Photo of nebheji anogona kuonekwa pazasi.

Kuyeukwa hondo Marathon iri mumwoyo wose munhu akagadzirira kupa upenyu hwake nokuda rusununguko uye rusununguko zviri Motherland.