The Battle of Somme: kubvisa hondo uye ichaguma

Pakazosvika 1916, hondo nechinzvimbo pamusoro French yemitambo hondo yakaenderera mberi kwenguva refu kwenguva. Kwemwedzi yakawanda kumasoja mauto airwisana vasingagoni mberi kunyange kiromita.

kudzidza

Vatsigiri patinosangana British uye French vabvumirana pamusoro cohesive inogumbura. Huru basa yave vakagadzirira Republican divi, asi British akatanga kuita rutsigiro mabasa. Yakanga kurwisana Somme, razova rimwe kunokonzera kuteurwa kweropa rakawanda hondo hondo.

Maererano zano, kuti Entente vatsigiri vairwisa pamusoro fronts zvitatu: yokuRussia, wokuItaly uye French. Zvimwe nhaurirano muna December 1915 mutaundi Washington muna Picardie. Italian uye Russian dzaienda kutanga remapazi ayo muna June, apo Somme tsamwisa wakaiswa kuti 1 July.

Vakwikwidzi vaiva mauto shanu, French matatu uye Chirungu maviri. Zvisinei, hondo yacho Somme haana hake aronga, kana akawandisa masoja zvaparara Verdun (anenge 160 zviuru). Front, iro rakarongwa tsamwisa aiva makubhiti 40 makiromita. On nzvimbo iyi akarayira Generals Fayolle uye Rawlinson. Total utariri kuna Ferdinand Foch. kudzivirira German avimbiswa Fritz of Below.

Kunyange panguva kuronga rwakazara zvaiva pachena kuti hondo yacho Somme achava hondo refu uye rwakaoma kuti zvinoda kushandiswa iripo zviwanikwa zvose. Munharaunda yakanga pitted yakawanda mitsetse uye kuhondo. Command vaitarisira kuti yokutanga atirari kuti paradza mutsetse ose, ipapo achatora inifanduri. It kwaifanira kudzokororwa kusvikira kuwa rokupedzisira redoubt.

kurwisa

Pakutanga, mafungiro eGermany kuti yakaidzwa atirari. Kudzidziswa uku vakatanga asati pamwero mukuru tsamwisa musi June 24. The vhiki yose redoubts uye nokusimbaradza hondo German zvakanyatsorongwa kuparadzwa kuti nzira nokuda inifanduri kuzvidzivirira zvepamusoro muvengi. Vakatambura uye pfuti. Down inenge hafu kuhondo-vakagadzirira dzakabatana vakanga vabuda.

Sezvo akanga akaitirwa kuti vaifamba mberi July 1st. Pazuva rokutanga vakauraya dzinenge zviuru 20 Varwi British, kusanganisira kushumira expeditionary Corps kubva mapoka umambo. Kurudyi parutivi vakatadza kutora nzvimbo muvengi, apo kuruboshwe ndiro kuedza vakundikana uye dzakaguma muna vakawanda irrecoverable varasikirwa. Vamwe French nechouno necheseri advance kure uye vakatyisidzirwa ezvinhu uye pakuonekwa "muhari". Naizvozvo Fayolle akaraira varwi vake zvishoma danho shure uye ngavave kubata mubatanidzwa wemauto airwisa Germany.

hondo positional

The tsamwisa kwaisanyatsooneka chaizvo, waiva kazhinji yo yose World War First. kiromita ose akapiwa mutengo vakawanda vakaurayiwa. Pane dzimwe nguva varwi vakanga kudzokera kunzvimbo makei, akanga aurawa uye vakasiya avo vamutangira. Prewar kumiganhu France, Belgium uye Germany ikava kumakuva.

By July, hapana mapato kugona kuzadzisa zvine urongwa kubudirira. Naizvozvo, Hondo Somme kwaswedera kupinda weboka zvose itsva, iri kubva kune dzimwe fronts. Nokukurumidza vokuGermany vakanzwa kuperevedza nemauto, sezvo akaererana zviitiko muWestern Europe yakatanga Brusilovski tsamwisa kweuto Russian kumabvazuva. Paiva nangananga kurwisa Austria uye Germany aifanira kumuudza kubatsira chaizvo ravarwi nemidziyo, kwete kuwana rugare ake mushure weboka Nicholas II.

Kuparadzwa vokuGermany

Pakazosvika September, hondo attrition akatendeukira vokuGermany kuti vakamanikidzwa misa ose tsamwisa zviito ayo mukurwisa Britain chiFrench. Izvi inokosha kuchinja zvakaitika kuti pave Battle of Somme. Mugumisiro chisarudzo chakadaro chakanga pachena: mubatanidzwa wemauto airwisa Germany yakasarudza kudzokorora July pamwero mukuru inogumbura.

Mathematically, mapato maviri kuti mukakavadzane vakanga inomirirwa 58 uye 40 nokupesana havasi nyasha vokuGermany. Kuti rokumutsa morale Varwi vaneta, varwi vakauya mugari wenhaka youmambo Bavaria Rupprecht. The Chirungu akati kokutanga munhoroondo yacho Matangi kushandiswa muhondo. Yakanga muenzaniso Mark V, vavakatorera pfuti pfuti (zvichienderana configuration). The motokari yakanga konekwa, kusimba uye va neudhadha. Zvisinei, zviri mwoyo vokuGermany, akanga asingazivi kuti vakanga vachigadzirira hondo yacho Somme zvachose. Date kurwa yakatora mwedzi mina (1 July - 18 November).

zvabuda

Mukupera kwematsutso Britain French vakanga vaenda 37 makiromita, uye ndipo pakaperera kurwisana Somme. Muchidimbu uye pano neapo akaramba skirmishes. Front metering inotevera kumirira. Nguva yaratidza kuti Nokurasikirwa ropa Germany uye akapa dzairwisa yacho inokosha chirongwa pakupedzisira pavaipfuura hondo. Anokosha chiitiko pamwe akabvumira dzimbahwe Britain uye France kutungamirira zviito zvavo zvinobudirira pakuvhiya ramangwana.

The dzairwisa rakarasika pamusoro panowanikwa vanenge 146 zviuru vanhu vakaurayiwa uye 450,000 vakuvara. Akakuvadza vanoramba akaremara upenyu, uye zvose nokuda zvombo zvitsva, zvakadai mumaturi. VokuGermany vakasiya muhondo 164,000 akafa uye 300,000 vakawira kuzvipatara.