"Kommunarka" - vachiridzira siyana muMoscow

Muna Moscow nharaunda "Kommunarka" waiva dzokugara kwezhizha Henry Berry, uyo refu vakashanda sachigaro OGPU uye NKVD. Shure nzvimbo ino raikosha zvivako apo vanhu vakapfurwa uye vakavigwa, vaidzvinyirirwa. "Kommunarka" - Hit ari landfill, izvo kare kwave kuwanika, uye zvino akazaruka kune voruzhinji. Zvino panova kumakuva pamwe chirangaridzo kunzwisisa uye yemamongi muchinyengetera neminyengetero kuti mweya navose vakafa pevhu. Kuwana chaipo apo "Kommunarka" (a raparadza polygon) kuripira kukotamira madota vanobatwa, zviri nyore. Ndiro kiromita yechina Kaluga mugwagwa. Mazita chinhu zvishoma declassified vashandi uye vakaurayiwa mazita kare rakabudiswa. Uye kwete vose rehabilitated pashure Stalin afa.

Ndiani pano?

Nyika pasi "Kommunarka" akaenda vakatambudzwa zvasara Politburo nhengo uye kukwikwidza nhengo, mubatanidzwa chinoda nomwe vakarasikirwa pano avo vanyori reCentral Committee of CPSU (b) chokutanga, pane kuisa nhengo CEC, ari CPC, Central Executive Committee, vanyori vakawanda emunharaunda mumatare, asi Comintern ... Mazita ose rinobwinya uye ruzha: Bubnov, Bukharin, Rykov, Rudzutak, Krestinsky, Pyatnitsky, Berzin, Kuhn. Izvi handizvo zvose mazita sonorous akaita kuti kukanganwa "Kommunarka". Yakarova landfill, uko kunomiririrwa mu mufananidzo bepa, uye akavigwa vanhu vazhinji.

Pano uye mukuru mukuru wacho Cemetery (Dybenko, Kuibyshev, Kireev) uye kunyora (Pilnyak, Artom Vesoly, Gastev, Shakhovskoy), pano ndivo Vapepeti "dzomoto", "Red Star", "mabhuku Gazette", "Labor". Uyewo penya masayendisiti uye akakurumbira inofananidza ounyanzvi uye tsika. Kupfuura zviuru vapristi vatendi Orthodox akavigwa "Kommunarka". Yakarova landfill uye nokupa ekare vanhu commissar zvino wakapiwa St. Catherine wemamonk.

mamiriro chakavanzika

All nzvimbo vakawanda vaiurayiwa uye vakavigwa vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika iri zvachose kudzivirirwa, uye chete chaizvo kuchengeteka mabasa vaiziva nezvevaya. Kunyange kwete vashandi vose zvivako dzakadaro kunge aiziva kuti vari kurinda, vaiziva chinhu kuti chete nevatungamiri kungopfura nehanya nzvimbo, asi avo mabasa vakanga kungogumira nechokwadi kuchengeteka ndima uye kudzivirira wokumwe chinhu. Pano nguva nenguva kupinza pasi kudira kuti agadzirise mugomba - ndizvozvo zvose mashoko kuti paiva vachiridzira siyana. "Kommunarka" uye nanhasi haana rakapa zvose zvayo zvakavanzika.

Kuziviswa zvakavanzika

Zvino chakavanzika chifukidziro zvishoma nezvishoma kubviswa, akazaruka yamabhuku, rakanyorwa uchapupu veko (kunyange vanogona kuziva?). Vezvenhau kudzidza raparadza mazita kuti declassify ari FSB. Ndanyatsomuongorora pachavo kuvigwa: kuverengwa mumakomba, kuyerwa, akawana zvisaririra mabara pamiti. Kungoda Barbed waya zvaiita kuona kukura vachiridzira wongoramba.

ichi basa zvose atanga chete nineties remakore rapfuura. Moscow zvirangaridzo hurumende subsidized chirongwa mu "Kommunarka" uye panguva Butovo vachiridzira siyana. Zvisinei, mabasa asina akaziva, sezvo nzvimbo yose kubvira 1999 iri muna chepasi of Moscow Patriarchate.

zvinyorwa

Rakanyorwawo mashoma kuvigwa site vaidzvinyirirwa vagari: Yauzskaya Hospital (pakati of Moscow), Vagankovsky kumakuva Donskoy crematorium. Vashoma nzwisisa nzvimbo "vachiridzira siyana" Kommunarka "" uye "vachiridzira siyana" pamusoro Butovo "" Pane chete wokusavimbika zvakaona chishamiso uye nezvipupuriro vakapiwa nokuda commandant of NKVD ARP Sadowski muna 1937.

Haasaruri Kucherwa "pamusoro Butovo" asimbise kusarudza funga kunzvimbo kuvigwa mushure kungopfura. Kwenguva yakareba, kunyange veko havana kuziva kuti anotevera kwavari ari raparadza siyana "Kommunarka". USSR akayera akararama zvizere upenyu kubudirira.

vapfumi nzvimbo

Vachiridzira siyana "Kommunarka" uye zvakafanana muna Butovo vane vanatenzi zvakasiyana naizvozvo yakasiyana mumwe. Ekupedzisira aidzora guru kurapa NKVD, uye "Kommunarka" - KGB, musimboti hofisi. Ndiko, "pakati Butovo" akapfura vasori, saboteurs uye magandanga kubva pasi, uye "Kommunarka" - pamusoro nokumukira.

Vose vaigara Kremlin. Mutevedzeri Sachigaro Vanhu vaMwari Commissars Rykov, uyo akasaina murayiro pamusoro Solovetsky musasa kugadzwa chaiyo kuti zvose ikozvino kuziva. Vanhu commissar kuvhenekerwa A. Bubnov, akazvisiyanisa nevamwe: pakuraira kwake akatanga kuparadzana nehama nehanzvadzi - vana vaidzvinyirirwa - uye kutumira nherera siyana. J. uye J. Rudzutak Unshlikht chirevo Central Executive Committee waitsigira kusikwa nechokuchamhembe misasa uye zvakadzama kupendwa urongwa hwavo. vakaita zvose. Zvino vakanga anodzivirira vachiridzira siyana "Kommunarka" pachavo (Moscow nharaunda).

Kuurayiwa mu "pakati Butovo" chinoshayikwa "vatatu" uye kunyange "mbiri" pakati NKVD kana mapurisa, uye "Kommunarka" zvaiva mhosva ne Supreme Court of USSR, uto nevamwe vake, uye ichi ndicho chikuru nezvakatongwa simba munyika. Mazita evanhu akafirapo, kazhinji kacho vane chiratidzo chinoitwa noruoko Stalin pachake. Vachiridzira dungwerungwe "Kommunarka" iri Moscow itsva - nzvimbo yokufananidzira, rinorema, mhepo pacharo inoramba kutambura vakaurawa apo, uye pasi izere zvikuru neropa ravo.

Hama neshamwari

Stalin kuti kupfura mazita ane mazita 44,5 zviuru, izvo 38,000 vakapfurwa. Total 383 Pamazita akaramba pamusoro nguva kubva February 1937 kusvika October 1938, apo Kuwedzera pane siginicha pamusoro Stalin Molotov, Voroshilov, Kaganovich, Zhdanov, Kosior uye Yezhov.

Vazhinji vanhu vari pamazita havasi pachena pamberi aurayiwe chero muedzo kana kuongorora. Ndiwo NKVD vakuru uye hama vashandi ava. Somuenzaniso, Berry akadhonza varume gumi yakaitwa navo pedyo uye kwete kufanana: mukadzi wake (uye muzukuru Sverdlov) J. Auerbach, nehanzvadzi dzake mbiri uye zvichingodaro. Chokwadi, pakati akaurayiwa vasingagoni kuva chero zvachose uye hapana nzira mhosva vanhu.

dacha

A imba chete-storey yemapuranga commissar Yagoda yakavakwa muna 1928. The akasiya hafu kwaisanganisira inopenya uye rakapamhamha dzimba matanhatu kana manomwe uye kodzero vaiva utility makamuri uye makamuri nevashandi. Regai tisanete mune hamoku kana mibhedha akauya pano varidzi. imba iyi yaiva dzokugara rokusangana wokutanga uye muchivande basa, uye wechipiri - nokuti kupemberera okupemberera siyana uye anokosha mazuva.

Zvinenge zvose akasara nokusingaperi munyika "Kommunarka" pakutanga akashanyira koteji ichi sezvo vaeni. Kwete pasina anonzi kuti chimurenga unoparadza zvose nevana vayo. Kana vanhu vakauya vaeni kamuri basa zvirimowo kumashure mukamuri pasi zvechizarira uye kiyi. Vezvokudya nezvimwe mumunda tsvimbo kumusha vakauya navo chero asina akazarura "Kommunarka" vachiridzira siyana. Musi chiitiko ichaongororwa kubva pakutanga vakawanda kuurayiwa - September 2, 1937. Uye pre-Berry pachake Akasungwa - muna March.

Kero uye turnout

Makuva munyika yedu yakawanda, uye anenge nzvimbo "Kommunarka" akasiyana zvikuru kwavari. Pano ndipo vepamusoro - nehurumende USSR uye chinoda reCentral Committee webato nhengo, vanhu Commissars uye vashumiri pamwe wevatariri ake, pane vashumiri kunyange dzimwe nyika, vatungamiriri vakawanda nechepakati pamapuranga, anovimba uye mafekitari, vakawanda muchiuto - the kunozivikanwa, pamusoro nziyo vanoumbwa uye mabhaisikopu kubviswa nokupesana wavarwi, Admiral, nyanzvi zvechiuto. Vanhu vaiva neropafadzo, simba uye airemekedzwa nevanhu.

Kero vacho vanotaura pachavo. vagari vazhinji pano anogona yekufadza Kremlin - Bukharin, Krestinsky, Rudzutak nevamwe favorite vevanhu. Dauprat - Government House, zita chevarwere humorists ari parimandi kumba - mumugwagwa Serafimovich. Celebrities nechiedza ruoko Yuri Trifonov imba pamusoro building, apo paiva 507 chete Apartments, uye akasunga 787 kwevagari vayo, uyo 338 vakapfurwa, uye 164 - muna Kommunarka. More akanga kwakarinda imba musi Granovsky, zvimwe wakanaka musha musi Gorky uye Hotels zvinodhura, apo vakuru vakuru vave raitenda nguva dzose.

Scouts kana vasori?

Kana munhu anouraya vamwe vanhu, vanhu vakawanda vari kuenda vamuuraye zvakare. Zvinogara chinoitika. Pano, mu "Kommunarka" muri vamiriri uye varairiri ose nevamiririri venyika uye anobatanidza zvechiuto. Pano, zvose madhipatimendi gumi Intelligence Agency vakasiya vatungamiri vavo. Uye pano counterintelligence uye noungwaru navatariri, vasori zita. How kunyora pamusoro wake S. Efron Marina Tsvetaeva akanyorera Beria, ndiye munhu basa chikuru pamwero, chibayiro uye dzakachena, uye murume akanakisisa iye akasangana muupenyu hwangu.

Mumwe aimbova White Guard pamwe kumhedziso kurambwa simba Soviet, pakarepo achirira panguva chakavanzika basa NKVD? Uye sei EMRO, sachigaro wayo Kutepov, Anoba Efron? Ndianiko pakati pavo yakachena uye chibayiro? Uye zvakawanda yakabiwa General Miller, uyo akaurayiwa Reiss ... Apo muParis akava pedyo (mapurisa aida pasi), muna 1937, Efron akadzokera Soviet Union, iro muna 1939 rakanga vavaifungira kushandira wokumwe utikitivha uye akasungwa, asi akanga vapfurwa "Kommunarka" chete muna 1941. Tave kutsvaga umboo. Kunyange zvazvo wakaramba kamwechete. Pashure pezvose, vava vachiti chete vapfurwa.

chipo Cheka

About Chekists - kunyanya. mashoko akawanda anoratidza kuti inobatanidza "Iron Ferikisi" raireva vachiridzira siyana "Kommunarka". Address makoteji kunge vaidzvinyirirwa michero zvakabatanidzwa - kucherechedza Yezhov, kuti kurangana Stalin. Pakutanga zvakanga. First makuva matatu, Version 2, 20 September uye 8 October, kunyanya KGB. Ipapo kurega kworudzii.

254 chibatiso mupurisa akawira kunyika ino; vanhu commissar pamusoro Mordovia, zvizere Chinyorwa zvose "Dalstroi" wadheni muna Solovki, mukuru NKVD rweUkraine uye vamwe vakawanda. Two Mutevedzeri Dzerzhinsky, kunyange shamwari dzake dzepedyo uye bhururu J. Peters, uyewo initiator ose ari "Red Kutya" M. Latsis - vose vakapfurwa mu "Kommunarka" uye vakakandirwa idzodzo Makomba kuti vari vakachera vamwe.