Dhamasiko dzokurwa - chii? Dhamasiko simbi: unhu. Chakavanzika yekare weDhamasiko simbi

Akaberekwa ikapenya Dhamasiko
Of nyoro simbi, zvakaoma simbi.
Uye zvinova zana kupfuura bakatwa kusimba,
Zvino chipande - hwakarongwa zononoka.

(Alexander Simonov, "Dhamasiko bakatwa")

Hailing kubva rungano

Munhu wose anoziva kuti pane rungano - haisi nhoroondo chete dzinonakidza, izvo unogona kutora vana, asi tsime rouchenjeri, rokunyengedza intertwining muenzaniso pamwe munhau uye ngano.

The nengano magamba simba uye anokudzwa Knights kazhinji akasangana izwi akadai "Dhamasiko nadzo." Akasimba uye bravest magamba akaita mabasa avo mumaoko Dhamasiko simbi. Imhandoi simbi iyi? Zvaari saka zvakanaka? Sei kudhura saka cost, uye akanga zvinokosha zvakadaro? Kazhinji, nadzo kuDhamasiko - chii? Nadzo, nhovo, visor? Zvichida ichi simbi - muchivande kukura akanyura mugomba yokukanganwa mhizha, vatorwa, imwe kuedza kana chipo kumusoro?

Ko nguva yedu uye kana aikoshesa zvakadaro, sezvo vari kare, nenhumbi dzokurwa nadzo kuDhamasiko? Shoko rokuti "Dhamasiko", kwakabva uye kushandiswa simbi iyi vanorondedzerwa munyaya ino. Isu zvicharatidza zvose zvakavanzika munhu nakisisa zvechokwadi simbi, riri chaizvoizvo zvikuru zvechokwadi.

Zvombo wemagamba nomukurumbira

Dhamasiko nadzo - ndiro zita yekare bladed zvombo. Uye hachisi dzokurwa, sezvo zvingaita sokuti pakutanga kuaona. Enzanisa mashoko analogues kweshoko "zvombo" iri mapatya mitauro Polish (bron) uye Czech (zbrane) zvinoreva chinhu chombo simbi, akadai munondo Dhamasiko, munondo, banga, munondo kana munondo.

Kwakadaro inozivikanwa rungano vatambi, vose magamba Ilya Muromets uye Dobrynya Nikitich, Korol Artur uye Svyatogor, akanga chombo asingakundiki pamusoro Dhamasiko simbi, nemhaka iyo vaionekwa asingakundiki varwi. Shoko rokuti "Dhamasiko" nyore - nayo vakaomesa simbi.

Chakavanzika pezvakasikwa

Chakavanzika yekare weDhamasiko simbi iri kure kare, uye kutaura zvazviri muna 1421, apo Nyika pedyo Russian neguta Yaroslavl akawira simbi meteorite. A chidimbu huru nesimbi yakawa kubva kudenga, kwainzi chipo kubva vanamwari uye rwaparadzwa chete chombo rakasiyana. Kuwana extraterrestrial simbi aiva mashoma mhizha akakurumbira uye mashizha kubva Dhamasiko simbi mapanga vari ndokugadzira kuti masoja vepamusoro.

kunozivikanwa yokusiyana

Minondo, kwakajairika ndokugadzira kubva simbi chinyorwa uye pashure yokutanga vanobwembura 2-3 zvibhakera vakashumira Dhamasiko nokusingaperi. Vanogona kuva nyore kucheka simbi nhovo kana kubvarura muvengi dzokurwa. Uyewo Zvinoshamisa kuti, pasinei simba raro incredible, Dhamasiko simbi mashizha vaiva vakashinga chaizvo uye akatsivama pa 90-120 madhigirii pasina kurasikirwa kuvimbika kwayo. Saka, zviri nyore chombo nokutonhorera muvengi pakurwa, kana kwete tupilos, izvozvo vhuna zvidimbu akafanana nemagirazi akaputsika, apo Dhamasiko zvombo rakaramba uye unopinza. Maererano nengano, munondo Dhamasiko kupiwa ndarama yakawanda ndikamuyerera chipande, uye vakayera chaizvo!

nakisisa simbi

Pasinei nokuti meteorite kukuru, navapfuri vane zvikuru mari, vari nemamwe simbi mumatanda aneta. pakupedzisira rakavapo Dhamasiko dzokurwa chombo kunozivikanwa vekare, nemhaka iyo yakanga akahwina kukunda zhinji. Information pamusoro kunoshamisa chombo takabva nomuromo, kubva kare muduku.

Kubvira ipapo makore akawanda apfuura, asi umhare nadzo kuDhamasiko, kukosha iyo mumakore chete ichazadzwa, haana kupa vanhu zororo. Hwakarongwa mashizha ndokugadzira kubva simbi, rwakaimbwa epics, ngano, ngano. Heino mienzaniso mishomanana, sezvo ari rengano ataurwa Dhamasiko uye nezvombo nawo:

• mubhuku Vladimir Red Sun nderimwe magamba, Dhamasiko vakapfeka nhumbi vachirwa "muvengi mhosva";
• mu "The zvakaedza chevaux Saltan", rakanyorwa Pushkin, vatengesi, kuwedzera goridhe nesirivha, vakauya Dhamasiko;
• Ivan mwanakomana murimi mudiki wacho kunoita asingazivikanwi Chudo-Yudo, snesya munondo wake musoro Dhamasiko;
• ari rungano pamusoro adventures ane unyanzvi gwatya Aladdin muchetura tyisa vafambi uye Bulat;
• mukoma Ivan, ispivshy mvura kubva puddles uye vagotendeuka kuva mbudzana, Hanzvadzi Alyonushka achidana rubatsiro achiti: "mapanga vari wakarodzwa, vanoda ini kuuraya ...";
• Finley-muvhimi ari rungano pamusoro upenyu hwaAbhigairi godmother akanyevera kuti anoda kuuraya Dhamasiko munondo unopinza;
• mubhuku "Tenzikadzi Enchanted Forest" Velimir protagonist kunotsvaka zvakaipa muroyi kubva kuDhamasiko simbi munondo akatema kuburikidza negwara miti uye pamakwenzi;
• makuru Bogatyr Eruslan Lazarevich Dhamasiko munondo paanoparadza musoro nyoka kutendeka.

Kuwedzera dzechembere dzekare, mashoko okuti "Dhamasiko Nadzo" rinowanzoshandiswa kuwanikwa nhetembo ano uye prose. Zvinoreva kunokosha mumabhuku, ukuwo, nemhaka vanyori ano Dhamasiko iripo nhasi. Ndizvo vomunguva, ane kuita akaponesa ruzivo hyperacute zvombo:

• Viktor Prischepenko ( "kwazvo uye ruoko").
• Andrew Shabel'nikov ( "Bakatwa Dhamasiko vakashinga Teuton").
• Sergey Semenov ( "akatasva neShato").
• Ninel Koshkin ( "Ko nzvimbo yako Shadow?").
• Sergey Stepanov ( "Fury of Normans").

Pfuma India

Wokutanga artificially akasika Dhamasiko vakadzidza kuita kuIndia. Ipapo mukuru simbi kugadzirwa chakavanzika chakanga leaked kuna Iran uye kuCentral Asia. Zvisinei, munzvimbo idzodzo Dhamasiko simbi, zvainyanya izvo kumbenge zvose, anonzi zvakasiyana. MuIndia, kwaiva "VTC", uye muna Asia uye Iran - "Farand", "Taban", "Khorasan".

Nyanzvi Persian uye weduramanzwi Al-Biruni, vaigara muMiddle Ages uye aiva nezivo munenge munyika dzose okukurukura tsvakurudzo panguva, akanyora bhuku pamusoro Bulat. Akaramba ari zvakachengetedzwa yekare kusvikira nhasi. Al-Biruni akanyora: "Dhamasiko nadzo yaunganidzwa kubvunda nezvinhu zviviri kuti zvinonyauka vanoiswa uye kwete kusanganiswa pamwe chete kusvikira homogeneity Zvinoguma mashizha maviri-mavara kuti vanokosheswa refu.".

Dhamasiko zvombo zviri nyore kucherechedzwa nenzira maitiro muenzaniso hwakarongwa. Zvinonzi yaunganidzwa crystallization uye yepakutanga carbons insignia nyaya dzakadaro. Uyezve, kubva Dhamasiko simbi mashizha vari kusimba unopinza. Somuenzaniso, zviri nyore dissected kukandwa pamusoro kumucheto vakanaka gasi hangachepfu tishu.

Unyanzvi Dhamasiko navapfuri

Most Dhamasiko zvombo yakabereka muSiriya, Dhamasiko. Dhamasiko simbi kumativi nembariro muSiriya vakaunzwa kubva kuIndia uye paDhamasiko mhizha kare yakabva yanyatsobatana kukuru, chombo zvakazonaka. Nemapanga, sabers uye minondo vakanga munokosha kupfuura goridhe uye chiratidzo upfumi uye kubudirira.

Mutengo Indian Dhamasiko rakakura exponentially. Uye mhizha eSiriya vanonyora mhando dzakasiyana hwendarira, uye akawanda nokuchengetedza akasika welded Bulat, uyo nhasi anonzi Dhamasiko simbi, uye chaizvo.

Kamwe weSiriya akanga nechisimba rimwe veuto Khan Togluk - Tamerlane, akaunza kubva yakakunda nyika mhizha dzose ndokuvaisa Samarkand. Zvisinei, vakatapwa vatenzi vakashanda zvikuru. Uye nokufamba kwenguva, blacksmithing raderera. Zvizvarwa vemifananidzo muSiriya vakawaridza pose, uye nzira kuita Dhamasiko simbi uye nadzo dzinobva akanga pakupedzisira kusiyiwa.

Mumakwara vatengesi yekare

Pane uchapupu hwokuti simbi zvikuru zvakafanana Dhamasiko, vakaitwa Japan. Mashizha, yabva kuti nyika yakanga yakafanana mukana wokushandiswa uye mukurumari, sezvo zvombo yokunze zvinhu.

Kana kuwedzera dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana Oriental simbi uye minondo, nemapanga kubva Dhamasiko simbi mapanga vakanga vari Russia. In zvenhoroondo dzekare zvichiratidza kuti nevapfuri Russian akatenga mashoko kugadzirwa kwezvombo zvinodhura chaizvo.

Dhamasiko dzokurwa, kukosha waiva refu munyika iyo yakatungamirira East kutengeserana, chaizvo aikoshesa mu England. Izvi rwakazoburitswa mishumo Chirungu Royal Academy, yomusi 1795 uye akachengetedzwa nanhasi. Ivo maitikiro chokuita kutenga Gráfica bladed simbi kuferefeta.

Zvisinei, chakavanzika kuita chishamiso simbi akaramba ari pedyo pedyo kurindwa. Izvi hazvishamisi, pashure zvose, munguva dzekare akanga asati makemikari mumarabhoritari uye pachisara saka kuti zvinowana nzira yemaitiro akakwana Dhamasiko simbi zvakanga zvisingaiti. Zvose zvakaitwa ziso, uye fungidzira zvinoenderana uye sezvamunoita yaichengeterwawo munhu inofambirana kurindwa muchivande. Shoma yakavimbika uye vaiziva sei kuti zvakanaka kugadzirwa Dhamasiko zvombo. Shoko rokuti "Dhamasiko" zvisinei chokuita hwakanakisisa zvombo uye akatungamirira mauto tichishamisika.

Kupararira kunyepedzera

Kwemakore, navapfuri vane Europe akaedza recreate kanenge Dhamasiko simbi, asi akakundikana. Vakanga vasina sarudzo asi kudzidza kuita zvenhema zvombo simbi kubva akatarira kunze kufanana Dhamasiko, asi vamwe unhu haana kuenda chero tichienzanisa zvombo nhema vechokwadi.

Muna 18-19 emakore vakasuwa kugadzirwa ndokugadzira Dhamasiko simbi kwakanga kwakapararira munyika Italy, Germany, Spain, Bulgaria uye France. Zvombo izvozvo, kunyanya yokuGermany uye Spanish, akanga zvoupengo yakakurumbira nokuda chitarisiko, nokubatanidza girazi kumugumo uye mapatani yakanaka. The chatingatevedzera Dhamasiko wenhema nadzo akasiya zvakawanda anodikamwa. Nokuti zvombo zvakaitwa kubva zvavo kabhoni simbi yakaderera yepamusoro.

Anosikwa kubva murima mazera

Zvakatora makore akawanda Russia asati ari akasika Dhamasiko simbi, iyo, nokuda kwayo akafanana, akanga vanenge kopi yokuMabvazuva mazano. Two-ruvara kubereka pamusoro kunozivikanwa simbi pachake aidaro migodhi injiniya, musayendisiti uye metallurgist, uye chikamu-nguva Major-General - Pavel Petrovich Anosov. Ndiye unyanzvi Russian, mumwe Patriot yokumusha kwake, uyo akakurira nengano magamba, aiva nechokwadi chokuti paDhamasiko dzokurwa - ndiwo chombo asingakundiki.

Zvakatanga muna 1828 apo yemigodhi dhipatimendi anenge akadzidziswa musoro Zlatoust chirimwa (kuChelyabinsk nharaunda) Anosov kuburitsa zvakavanzika Ultra mukuru simba simbi uye kukudziridza yokuita Dhamasiko simbi. Development uye kuedza, nhevedzano nezvatisina akapedza makore anopfuura 10. Munguva yokudzidza, vatsvakurudzi kutanga kushandiswa maikorosikopu kudzidza nesimbi, ezvo kwakatsiva gilding galvanization mashizha.

Anosov zvive simbi mhangura uye graphite, unobva mhando dzakasiyana simbi, simbi muchanyauswa mukati mhepo uye ari Vacuum - neshoko, vaedza.

Panopera 1838, Pavel Petrovich achiri akakwanisa kuwana hwakarongwa simbi - chakakandirwa Bulat, hakuna nzira vakaderera unhu yekare yokuMabvazuva mapatani. Muna 1839, kubva ake simbi vara uye zvigadzirwa vakaenda pashoo muSt Petersburg. Uye kare muna 1841 Anosov akanyora imwe mabasa ake anokosha - "On Bulat", iyo nominated nokuda Demidov Prize.

Nemhaka iyi murume umneyshemu Dhamasiko dzokurwa, kukosha rakanga kurumbidzwa ngano dzekare, akarega kuva hahungawanikwi hope.

Anosovskiy Bulat

Chii Dhamasiko, anosikwa Anosov? Maererano zvavo makemikari ehupfumi vakasiyana simbi kwakaita sesimbi yakawanda zviri siyana Mahydrocarbon uye parameters zvakanga rakafanana kukandira simbi. Zvisinei, kusiyana inductile, pfava simbi Dhamasiko akanga ari manyoro uye zvikuru nyore kufurirwa uye nokudaro chaizvo uye oma. Kuti tiwane yepamusoro Dhamasiko, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti pane zvinotaurwa kugadzirwa kwemichina. Zvikasadaro, kukurukurwa kukodzera ungadzivisa ichi simbi yakaoma zvavo simbi.

Pakafa Anosova chakavanzika kuita yepamusoro Dhamasiko simbi chakarasika zvakare. Pamwe zviri chete kuvanzwa yokunzvera meso, kana pamwe zvakaitika somugumisiro kuregeredza. Zvisinei, imwe nguva gare gare kuti recreate Anosovskiy Bulat nechinangwa muvambi uye metallurgist Dmitriy Konstantinovich Chernov.

Akapedza zvakasiyana-siyana kuedza kuburikidza nokusanganisa nizkosernoe simbi uye flake graphite mu zvikuru siyana. Somugumisiro, Chernov akapiwa hwakarongwa simbi, asi akawana kuti nokuchengetedza mufanidzo nokupera. The musayendisiti vakasvika pakugumisa kuti mukuru zvimiso pakasikwa dzokurwa Dhamasiko - kusarudza tembiricha yakakodzera paanenge nokuchengetedza. Pasinei pakuedza akaita kuti yakakurumbira simbi haana kubudirira.

The chinhu molybdenum?

Tichishandisa yapfuura, munguva dzose kupikidura akawanikwa chipande ane Japanese Dhamasiko simbi, akaita muzana remakore rechi12. Kuongorora makemikari dzokurwa kufukidzwa mumwe zvakavanzika yakasiyana nehunhu ichi zvinhu. Masayendisiti akawana mumwe molybdenum simbi - ductile Kuchinja refractory simbi izvo avo wechisikigo muchimiro regai kuitika. In zvombo ano indasitiri molybdenum kushandiswa kwenguva dopant kune-siyana simbi. Izvi zvinowedzera simba uye kuoma kwakaita chombo.

Kunenge kuti vokuJapan vekare vaiziva molybdenum. Ungangove, simbi mhangura, iyo vakaita zvombo, yaiva yakawanda ichi makemikari maatomu akafanana.

Chakavanzika haina chakagadziriswa!

To musi, steels ano vari nokure Dhamasiko. Kunyange zvakadaro, iye achiri chimwe chezvinhu wakakwana simbi kuti pagadzirwe mapanga.

Kana muchikumbira, unogona kuwana mhizha-mupfuri anokwanisa kusimbisa kuti Dhamasiko banga. Pashure pezvose, muupenyu pane dzose rungano ...

Muenzaniso chipande anogara akasiyana,
Kune vamwe hazvina zvakafanana, sezvinoita munhu.
Munondo murwi - uye shamwari, uye nehanzvadzi ...
Mariri - marwadzo hondo uye runyararo nhetembo.

(Alexander Simonov, "Dhamasiko bakatwa")