Chii chinonzi rinokweva chinozunguzirwa?

Pamutemo musi hwomukova (vasabatwa) pamusoro rinokweva mafungu runoonekwa kuva February 11, 2016. Zvinonzi panguva rakaitirwa Washington pamusoro venhau, vatungamiriri kubatirapamwe LIGO, zvakaziviswa kuti chikwata Vatsvakurudzi vakabudirira kokutanga munhoroondo yevanhu yokugadziridza chiitiko ichi.

Chiporofita guru Einstein

Chokwadi chokuti rinokweva masaisai kuripo, kunyange pakutanga rokupedzisira remakore (1916) kunoburitsa Albert Einstein akagadzira mukati yechinangwa General Relativity (GR). Mumwe anogona chete nokuwirirana tsanzira nemano yakakurumbira yefizikisi, uyo aikwanisa kuita kure-kusvika mhedziso zvakadaro ane zvishoma pamusoro mashoko chaiwo. Pakati zvakawanda zvimwe zvinooneka mananara vakafanotaura kuti yakawanikwa nokusimbisa zviri inotevera remakore (kuderera nokufamba kwenguva, kuchinja remagetsi nemwaranzi yakananga rinokweva minda, etc.) Anenge ticherechedze kuvapo ichi mhando rokuchengeta nekuita miviri, kusvikira ichangopfuura zvakanga zvisingaiti.

Giravhiti - zviripo?

Kazhinji, chiedza dzidziso relativity regiravhiti asiri simba. Izvi ndizvo mugumisiro pamusoro perturbation kana curvature ari nzvimbo-nguva continuum. Muenzaniso wakanaka kuenzanisira uchapupu ichi vanogona ruchatambanudzirwa jira rakareba. Under kurema yakaiswa pamusoro pemvura iri hombe chinhu aumbwa ari rusesi. Other zvinhu zvitange pedyo anomaly ichi ichachinja trajectory kufamba kwavo, sezvo vakanga "mwoyo". Zvino chikuru Kurema chinhu (refu dhayamita uye curvature nokudzika), kunokonzera "simba kukwezvana." Kana chinofamba pamusoro rejira, unogona tarisa kwaita "ripples" yakashatiswa mumufambiro.

Zvakafanana zviri kuitika munyika nzvimbo. Chero kukurumidza zvinofamba nyaya chikukutu ndechevakura panobva nokufamba vari arambe achirema nzvimbo uye nguva. A rinokweva chinozunguzirwa ane chinokosha amplitude, vakaumba mitumbi nounzenza guru vakawanda kana kana kutyaira pamwe accelerations kukuru.

mumuviri nokurondedzerwa

Nokufamba ari nzvimbo-nguva arşive anozviratidza sezvo kuchinja rinokweva mumunda. Fani iyi anonziwo nzvimbo-nguva ripples. Rinokweva chinozunguzirwa kunokanganisa muviri uye zvinhu vasangana, kudzvinya uye ndichisveerera navo. Kugozha chitsama muri vashomanana - pakati sezvakarayirwa 10 ^-21 chepakutanga kukura. The kuoma chose kuziva miedzo Fani iyi kuti vaongorori aifanira kudzidza kuyera uye kunyora kuchinja izvi vachishandisa zvakakodzera michina. Simba regiravhiti mwaranzi kuri yakaderera chaizvo - yose dzaro, ndiko kilowatts shoma.

Mashoko kumhanya ari rinokweva nemafungu kunobva ehupfumi ari kuitisa svikiro zvishoma. The oscillation amplitude pamwe kure kubva kupi zvinoderedza zvishoma nezvishoma asi haana rinosvika razero. Kakawanda iri zvinobva makumi wandei kumazana Hertz. Nokumhanya rinokweva mafungu yomuchadenga svikiro anosvika kumhanya chiedza.

nemamiriro ezvinhu uchapupu

Kokutanga yokungotaura kusimbisa nokuvapo rinokweva mafungu akakwanisa kuwana American zvomuchadenga Joseph Taylor uye Russell Hulse mubatsiri wake muna 1974. Kudzidza Universe Via teresikopu Observatories Arecibo (Puerto Rico), vaongorori vakaona kuti pulsar PSR B1913 + 16 anomirira binary hurongwa Nyuturoni nyeredzi iyo tenderera akapoteredza vakawanda muzinda vakawanda panguva dzose chisina kutsetseka velocity (isingawanzowanikwi nyaya). Ose kurapwa gore nguva iri maawa 3.75 pakutanga, akaderedza 70 MS. ukoshi Izvi zvinoenderanawo nepfungwa mhedziso yacho GTR equations kuti kufanotaura kuwedzera kumhanya majana izvi hurongwa nokuda simba kudyiwa Chizvarwa rinokweva nemafungu. Gare gare mamwe miviri pulsars uye dwarfs chena ine kwakafanana maitiro yakawanikwa. Radio nezvenyeredzi D. Taylor uye R. Hulse Nobel Prize muna Physics nokuda kuwanikwa mitsva yaibvira kudzidza minda rinokweva akanga paakavapa muna 1993.

Kuba rinokweva chinozunguzirwa

The mutsara Detective rinokweva nemafungu vokutanga vakagamuchira kubva University of Maryland musayendisiti Dzhozefa Vebera (USA) muna 1969. Nokuti chinangwa ichi akashandisa maviri rinokweva antennas dzavo design, akaparadzaniswa nevanhu chinhambwe makiromita maviri. The resonant detector yaiva yakanaka vibration-oga humburumbira-rutsoka nhindi aruminiyamu, vakapakata piezoelectric transducers kugumbuka. The amplitude of zvichipomerwa yakatarwa nokufamba Weber akaratidza anopfuura miriyoni nguva kupfuura kutarisirwa. Kuedza vamwe vatsvakurudzi vachishandisa michina zvakafanana kudzokorora "kubudirira" ari American yefizikisi yakanaka havana kubereka. Pashure pemakore mashomanana basa Weber munharaunda iyi zvave kuzivikanwa sauka, asi zvakasimbisa kukura "rinokweva kuwedzera" nokuti kudana munzvimbo iyi nokudzidza nyanzvi dzakawanda. Zviya, Dzhozef Veber kusvikira parufu rwake akanga nechokwadi kutora rinokweva mafungu.

Kuvandudza mabiko michina

Munguva 70s musayendisiti Bill Feyrbank (USA) kwakasimbiswa namaapuro rinokweva-wave kanyanga, dzaserera ne mvura nehelium, nokushandiswa SQUIDs - supersensitive magnetometer. Huripo panguva mabikirwo haabvumirwi kuona vakatanga chigadzirwa wako, akaona mu "simbi".

Maererano nenheyo iyi yakaitwa Auriga ari rinokweva detector muna lenyarskoy National Laboratory (Padova, Italy). Panobva maumbirwo aruminiyamu-magnesium humburumbira uye kureba mamita 3 uye dhayamita vana 0,6 m. The mugamuchiri chikwata uremu matani 2.3 iri chakarembera nyayawo dzaserera kune pedo kumhedziso razero vacuüm chamber. Nokuti Kuda kutamba nokudzungudza Detective hwebetsero kilogram resonator uye tambo gadziriro kunobva makombiyuta. The rakataura aikanganiswa pamusoro midziyo 10 ^-20.

interferometers

Hwaro kushanda interferometric rinokweva chinozunguzirwa michina vaumbe chete mazano zvinoshandiswa panguva Michelson interferometer. Chaibwinya ne anokonzera Laser danda rakakamurwa hova maviri. Mushure zvichiratidza akawanda uye kufamba pamusoro pamafudzi mano Rwako vanounzwa pamwechete zvakare, uye yokupedzisira mutongi chipingaidzo mufananidzo zvinovhiringidzika kana weboka mwaranzi chero kuvhiringidza (semuenzaniso, rinokweva wave). Zvombo zvakadaro akasikwa munyika dzakawanda:

• GEO 600 (yokuHannover, Germany). Kureba Vacuum mugero 600 metres.
• Mwanakomana (Japan) pamwe pamapfudzi pa 300 m.
• VIRGO (Pisa, Italy) - Joint Franco-Italian chirongwa, yakatanga kufamba muna 2007 aine-kiromita nhatu refu tunnels.
• LIGO (United States, Pacific Coast), kutungamirira anovhima rinokweva mafungu 2002.

Last unokosha kufunga zvizere.

LIGO Advanced

Basa yakatangwa nemasayendisiti panguva Massachusetts uye California Institute of Technology. Zvinosanganisira Observatories mbiri dzakaparadzaniswa 3 zviuru. Km, Louisiana uye Washington (guta Livingston uye Hanford) vatatu fanana interferometers. Kureba perpendicular Vacuum mugero ndiyo 4 zviuru. Mamita. Izvi makuru kudanana huripo zvivako zvakafanana. Kusvikira 2011, vakawanda kuedza kuziva rinokweva mafungu havana kubereka chero mhinduro. A nouchapupu upgrading (Advanced LIGO) zvakawedzera aikanganiswa iri midziyo iri kuwanda 300-500 Hz nguva zvinopfuura zvishanu, uye pasi-kakawanda munzvimbo (kusvika 60 Hz) ndiyo kweinenge sezvakarayirwa unokosha, richisvika kukosha zvakadai kuchiva 10 ^-21. The yoku- chirongwa kwakatanga muna September 2015, uye nokuedza dzinopfuura chiuru vashandi ari kubatsirana kwakakomborerwa nemigumisiro.

Rinokweva mafungu vanowanikwa

September 14, 2015 mberi LIGO michina muna 7 MS penguva yakanyorwa kuburuka redu rinokweva mafungu kubva guru zvakaitika musi yenguvo muchadenga chinooneka - a kwemapazi makuru maburi maviri rutema negurumwandira 29 uye 36 nguva kupfuura zuva guru. Mudare, kwakaitika pamusoro 1.3 Ga kare, panyaya mumasekonzi kuti rinokweva chinozunguzirwa nemwaranzi nayo inenge mitatu rezuva pavazhinjisa nyaya. Initial wakaiswa maitikiro rinokweva waves 35 Hz, uye kufadza yepamusoro kukosha chechetere yakasvika muna 250 Hz.

Migumisiro vakawana vakanga kakawanda pasi nzwisisika yokuedzwa uye kurapwa, nokungwarira akagura nzira mhirikiro ari mashoko. Pakupedzisira, musi February 11 rapera iri zvakananga kuonekwa ari Chiitiko nezvacho Einstein, zvakaziviswa kuti nyika munharaunda.

Chokwadi pokuenzanisira munhu titanic basa vaongorori vakanga amplitude pamusoro oscillation ruoko saizi iri 10 ^-19 M - kukosha ichi sezvo nguva zhinji duku pane dhayamita ane atomu, zvakadini ane zvishoma orenji.

hwemangwana

Izvi zvakawanikwa kamwe zvakare zvinopupurira kuti vakawanda dzidziso relativity - iri hausingori kushandisa Masvomhu, uye neitsva Kutarira musimboti rinokweva nemafungu nerukudzo yose.

Zvimwe zvidzidzo, masayendisiti ave dzaitarisira pamusoro Elsa chirongwa: kusikwa hofori orbiting interferometer pamwe pamapfudzi vanenge mamiriyoni 5 km, vaikwanisa Detective kunyange zviduku perturbations ose rinokweva minda. Revitalization basa iri mirayiridzo iri anokwanisa kuudza zvakawanda pamusoro dzinokosha zvokukura kukura zvakasikwa, kwemasayendisiti, kwacho kuti tsika zvisungo kwakaoma kana zvisingaiti. Hapana mubvunzo mumakomba kuti mutema, rinokweva mafungu, chichakurukurwa wakaiswa munguva yemberi, hurukuro zvakawanda nezvezvinhu zvakasikwa.

Nokuti kudzidza kakasaririra rinokweva mwaranzi, kutaura pamusoro nguva yokutanga yedu nyika mushure Big Bang, zvinoda unokurumidza nzvimbo zviridzwa. ), но его реализация, по заверениям специалистов, возможна не ранее, чем через 30-40 лет. chirongwa ichi chiripo (Big Bang Observer), asi Implementation kwayo, yevimbiso nenyanzvi, zvinokwanisika kwete kwokutanga pane makore 30-40.