CATALYTIC kuita mienzaniso. Homogeneous uye heterogeneous catalysis

Chemistry - sayenzi zvinhu vavo transformations, uyewo pezvakaitwa kuti gadziriro yavo. Kunyange purogiramu yechikoro dzose anonzi nyaya yakadaro inokosha, zvose marudzi siyana. Kupatsanura, nako vadzidzi nezvevanakomana inokosha vanochiva inorangarira yekupindurwa oxidation danho kuyerera, uye saka muitiro mashandiro. D. Uyezve, zvose makemikari pezvakaitwa vari rakakamurwa CATALYTIC uye non-CATALYTIC siyana. Mienzaniso transformations zvinoitika pamwe nokuva gombedzero asangana munhu muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, chinovira, putrefaction. Non-CATALYTIC kutendeuka, tiri mashoma zvikuru.

Chii anowedzera

mushonga uyu, rinogona kuchinja mwero zvakaitwa, asi pachayo haina zvinobatanidzwa. In Kana apo nokuva gombedzero kunoitika nomukombiyuta muitiro kumhanyisa, rinoreva zvakanaka catalysis. Pakadaro, kana tainge mutumwa pakuitika kunoderedza maitiro zvazvingava, zviri anonzi inhibitor.

mhando catalysis

Homogeneous uye heterogeneous catalysis zvakasiyana kuyaruka, umo mune kutanga zvinhu. Kana kutanga zvinoriumba, kuendeswa mukukurukurirana, kusanganisira anowedzera, vari chete uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. mamiriro, runoyerera homogeneous catalysis. In Kana apo kuita iri wakapindwa siyana pakukura nyaya, ndiyo heterogeneous catalysis.

The selectivity nezvezvakaitwa

Catalysis haisi nzira kuvandudza chokupika midziyo, ine kunobatsirawo pakuti zvigadzirwa. A zvakafanana Fani inogona kutsanangurwa nenzira yokuti nokuda munhu tisarudze (zvokusarudza) Zvakaitwa catalysts dzakawanda nokukurumidza nokuda zvakananga maitiro shoma divi pezvakaitwa. Pakupedzisira, zvigadzirwa vakawana vane yepamusoro kuchena haumanikidzwi mberi unonatsa fuma. The selectivity zviri nokuva gombedzero anopa inobudirira rutapudzo vasiri zvibereko mari pakugadzira zvinhu, zvakanaka kwoupfumi makomborero.

Zvakanakira chikumbiro kweShanduro nokuva gombedzero

Chiizve vanoonekwa ne CATALYTIC kuita? Mienzaniso anoonekwa chesekondari kwakajairika, dzinoratidza kuti kushandisa nokuva gombedzero anobvumira muitiro panguva yakaderera tembiricha. Kuedza kuratidza kuti rinogona kushandiswa kuvimba chinokosha zvinoderedza simba mari. Izvi zvinokosha kunyanya mune chipo ezvinhu, kana paine kuperevedza simba zvinhu munyika.

Mienzaniso CATALYTIC manufactures

Ndeupi indasitiri shandisa CATALYTIC sei? Mienzaniso miti yakadaro: pakuburitswa nitric uye sulfuric acids, rehydrogen, amoniya, Polymers uye mafuta kugadzira. Zvinowanzoshandiswa catalysis pakugadzirira Organic acids, monohydric uye polyhydric alcohols, phenol Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti, madhayi, mishonga.

Chii tiwedzere

The catalysts inogona zvinhu zvakawanda aripo periodic hurongwa zvine maatomu akafanana Dmitriya Ivanovicha Mendeleeva, uye avo yeimwe. Pakati rakajairika accelerators dzoga: nickel, simbi, Platinum, cobalt, alumosilicates, manganese oxides.

Features catalysts

Kuwedzera kune kusarudza chiito catalysts vane kwazvo zvokuimba simba, vanogona kudzivisa CATALYTIC chepfu, nyore regenerated (rakadzorerwa).

The chehupenyu CATALYTIC homogeneous siyana akakamurwa gasi danho uye mvura kutotanga.

Kunyatsoongorora kwemarudzi izvi wanda. In zvingaitwa kwemakemikari kutendeuka akisarareta protrude rehydrogen cations H +, nechigadziko hydroxide ions OH-, simbi cations, M +, uye zvinhu izvo zvinosimudzira paumbwe vakasununguka radicals.

Musimboti catalysis

Mashandiro Catalysis kuburikidza zvokuverengera acids uye nezvigadziko ndechokuti pane wekurukurirano pakati kuwirirana zvinhu uye anowedzera akanaka ions (protons). Saka intramolecular transformations kutora nzvimbo. Nokuti ichi mhando kuita vari:

• kupera mvura mumuviri (mvura uncoupling);
• hydration (kuda mvura mamorekuru);
• esterification (nezvekugadzirwa Ester kubva alcohols uye carboxylic acids);
• polycondensation (polymer inotungamirwa ne cleavage nemvura).

Pfungwa catalysis rinotsanangura kwete chete kwacho asiwo zvinoita divi kuchinja. Kana munhu heterogeneous catalysis kwacho anoumba munhu yoga danho akisarareta, vamwe CATALYTIC ehupfumi panyika pfungwa yacho reactants kana pepasi rinobatanidzwa.

Pane microheterogeneous muitiro kunosanganisira kuwana anowedzera pane colloidal ezvinhu. Ipfungwa Iri Transitional hurumende homogeneous kune heterogeneous catalysis pfungwa. Vazhinji azvaiitwa kunoitika pakati gaseous zvinhu vachishandisa zvakasimba catalysts. Vanogona kuva muchimiro pellets, mapiritsi, mbeu.

Kugovera catalysis zvakasikwa

Enzayemu catalysis iri rinoparadzirwa zvakasikwa. It anobuda Via biocatalysts kwetunhu mapuroteni mamorekuru, muviri zvaitwa zvipenyu. Hapana zvoutachiona pezvakaitwa chokuita zvipenyu, kwete kurega kubva CATALYTIC zvakaitwa. Mienzaniso pezvakaitwa zvinokosha: kwetunhu amino acids kubva mapuroteni chaicho nhengo; yokuparara kwemafuta, mapurotini, makabhohaidhiretsi.

catalysis algorithm

Funga mashandiro ose catalysis. muitiro uyu kuitika pasi porous hwakasimba accelerators namakemikari kudyidzana, chinosanganisira matanho akawanda inokosha:

• diffusion of reactants kusvikira pemvura tiwedzere tsanga kubva parukova tsanga;
• diffusion pamusoro reactants kupinda tiwedzere pores;
• chemisorption (kusashanda adsorption) pamusoro pemvura kwemakemikari akisarareta kuita pamwe veMubatanidzwa pamusoro makemikoro - kusashanda zvivako "anowedzera reagents";
• rearrangement kwemaatomu pamwe panowanikwa pamusoro anofambidzana "anowedzera-chigadzirwa";
• diffusion ari pores ari akisarareta nemapinduriro chigadzirwa;
• chigadzirwa diffusion pachiso zvezviyo aibuda mune zvakaitwa akisarareta core.

CATALYTIC uye non-CATALYTIC siyana zvinokosha zvokuti masayendisiti pamusoro makore mberi kutsvakurudza munharaunda iyi.

Kana homogeneous catalysis hapana chikonzero kuvaka chaiwo mazano. Enzayemu catalysis mu heterogeneous musiyano wezvinyorwa kunosanganisira kushandisa siyana uye yakananga michina. Nokuti mvura yacho yakatanga chaiyo kuonana mano, dziya pamusoro kuonana pemvura (mu zvibereko, pamasvingo nokuva gombedzero meshes); mumwe firita rukoko; slurry mubhedha; pulverized aine kubvongodzwa tiwedzere.

Heat kuchinjirwa iri midziyo iri rakatangwa muna dzakasiyana:

• nokushandisa kure (kwokunze) kupisa exchangers;
• Via kupisa exchangers, midzi mune kuonana midziyo.

Ongorora yemaitiro wekemisitiri anogona kuwanikwa siyana zvakadai umo anowedzera anoita somumwe yokupedzisira zvigadzirwa, iyo yakaumbwa mumakore makemikari kudyidzana pakati kutanga zvinoriumba.

pezvakaitwa yakadaro inonzi autocatalytic, Chiitiko chiri kemisitiri inonzi autocatalysis.

Speed kwavatori zhinji nokuda kwe zvakaitwa musanganiswa zvimwe zvinhu. Masvomhu dzavo kemesitiri chinowanzofuratirwa, inotsiviwa shoko "anowedzera" kana ayo chidimbu ichi. Havazivi zvinosanganisira wokupedzisira Stereochemistry pakati mukana wokuti vanhu vanga, sezvo ivo, pashure pokupedza kuita haachinji kubva quantitative pfungwa maonero. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvakakwana duku rakawanda zvinhu kuti yekudyidzana kukanganisa mwero kuchiitwa. Hazvina bvumidzwa uye ezvinhu akadai kana akisarareta zvemakemikari kudyidzana pacharo anoita kuita mudziyo.

Musimboti nokuva gombedzero kuchinja chinja mwero makemikari kwacho ndechokuti fuma kunobatanidzwa murwiyo yezviri zvakaoma, uye saka anochinja activation nesimba makemikari kwokukurukurirana.

Mune kuora ari kunzwisisa tiwedzere patsva iri kuchengetwa. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti rirege apedza, vacharamba kuchinja pashure uwandu kwokukurukurirana. Chikonzero ichi Zvakwana miduku yezviri nhumbi kuti vakaitei kuna substrate (maitiro reagent). Chaizvoizvo, zvishomanana uwandu tiwedzere mu kwemakemikari urongwa zvisinei zvaparadzwa, sezvo angave siyana yechipiri pezvakaitwa: nayo Kusvibisa muitiro kurasikirwa, shanduko penyika mamiriro yakasimba tiwedzere. Formula wekemisitiri regai zvinosanganisirei rokuzvidavirira tiwedzere.

mhedziso

Zvaakazoita, raisanganisira zvinoshingaira chirungiso (tiwedzere) zvinovakomberedza munhu, kunze ivo inoyerera mumuviri wayo. Homogeneous akadaro mashoma zvikuru pane heterogeneous kudyidzana. Chero zvazvingava, tanga paumbwe zvenguva zvivako, izvo dzinotsauka, zvishoma nezvishoma yokuputsa ipapo patsva (kudzorerwa) pamusoro akisarareta pakati makemikari kwacho. Somuenzaniso, nesungano pakati metaphosphoric asidhi pamwe potassium persulfate sezvo tiwedzere anoita hydriodic acid. Kana kuwedzera reactants vakaumba yero mhinduro. Sezvatinosvika pedyo kuguma muitiro dziberekane rinosvava. Zvaaiva zvenguva chigadzirwa hazvisi ayodhini, uye muitiro kunoitika mumatanho maviri. Asi mangoti metaphosphoric asidhi iri synthesized tiwedzere iri rikadzokera hwepakutanga. Catalysts inokosha zvikuru indasitiri, vanobatsira kuti mhanyisa kuchinja kuwana yepamusoro zvibereko kuita. Hazvibviri pasina yavanopedza uye nokukanganisika pezvakaitwa mumuviri.