A chikuru kwemaindasitiri: kuita uye matambudziko (ona tafura)

A kwemaindasitiri kukuru, kubudirira uye zvinetso ichakurukurwa munyaya, akatanga muEngland (pezana-XVIII remakore) uye zvishoma nezvishoma dzakapararira munyika budiriro. Kwakatungamirira Mechanisation okuwana, zvoupfumi kukura uye pakusika ano maindasitiri munzanga. Topic chakafukidzwa mukufamba nhoroondo uye mugiredhi rechisere richava kubatsira vadzidzi uye vabereki.

The pfungwa

An raputika tsananguro anogona kuonekwa mumufananidzo kumusoro. Zvakanga akatanga kushanda Nezveupfumi Adolph Blanqui France muna 1830. We Vakakurukura pfungwa yacho Marxists uye Arnold Toynbee (Chirungu wenhau). The Industrial Revolution - haasi-shanduka kwacho kuti chokuita nechitarisiko pachishandiswa zvesayenzi uye kwesayenzi Zvakawanikwa mota itsva (vamwe kwatova pakutanga ari XVIII remakore), uye vanobudisa kutapurirana itsva sangano basa - muchina kurimwa huru mafekitari, iyo yakatsiva remaoko mafekitari.

Mumabhuku pane dzimwe tsanangudzo Fani iyi, kusanganisira kwemaindasitiri. Hazvina kushanda kutanga kwekupwanyiwa pokuchinja, umo vari vatatu:

• The kwemaindasitiri: kuti chidzoke imwe indasitiri itsva - engineering kusikwa hwemvura injini (kubva pakati XVIII remakore - yokutanga yezana XIX remakore).
• Sangano nevazhinji kugadzira nokuda kushandisa mishonga uye magetsi (kubva yechipiri yezana XIX remakore - pakutanga XX remakore). Danho rokutanga akazivisa Devid Lendis.
• Kushandiswa iri pakuburitswa kwemashoko yekufambisa (kubva kumugumo XX remakore - chipo). In sainzi, pachikuva retatu hakuna tenderano.

The Industrial Revolution (kwemaindasitiri): inokosha pafungidziro

Nokuti sangano fekitari Kugadzirwa kunoda akawanda ezvinhu, chinonyanya kukosha izvo:

• Kuwanikwa basa - vanhu pfuma yavo.
• Mukana pakutengeswa kwenhumbi (misika).
• Kuvapo vapfumi nemari nemari.

Kare, zvinhu zvose izvi dzakaumbwa England, apo, pashure pokuchinja pamusoro XVII remakore bourgeoisie akauya simba. Achinyima nyika kubva vanhuwo zvavo uye kuwa nyanzvi dzokugadzira vari kukwikwidzana navo manufactories akasika hondo huru pamuromo, anoshaiwa mune mari. Resettlement ose ekare varimi muguta kwaita kuti kwakaderera yepanyama upfumi. Kana vomumusha pachavo kubereka mbatya uye midziyo pachavo, vanhu vomuguta dzakamanikidzwa kutenga kwavari. Export kwenhumbi uye kunze, sezvo nyika yakanga zvakanaka-dzakabudirira makwai. In maoko bourgeoisie akaunganidza mari kubva kwevaranda, ichitongwa ugororo uye ekisipoti pfuma India. The kwemaindasitiri (kuchinja kubva remaoko kuti machine) zvakazonyatsoitika Vongai dzinoverengeka zvakakomba zvigadzirwa.

Kukosa

The kwemaindasitiri wekutanga akabata donje indasitiri, kupfuura dzakabudirira munyika. Zvokukura kwayo Mechanisation kunogona kuonekwa tafura.

Edmund Kartrayt nani pachirukiso (1785), nokuti varuki vakatadza ribude zvakawanda netsvuku sezvo anogadzirwa mafekitari muEngland. Kuwedzera negoho kusvika ka40 - zvakanakisisa nokusimbisa kuti akauya kwemaindasitiri. Kuita uye nematambudziko (tafura) zvichakurukurwa munyaya. Vari chokuita vakanzwisisa anoda nokugadzirwa rinokosha vavariro simba, iyo hakubvi pamusoro napedyo mvura.

chiutsi-injini

Kutsvaga idzva rine simba kwaikosha kwete kurukiswa indasitiri, asiwo migodhi maindasitiri, apo basa yave kunyanya kuoma iri. Nechekare muna 1711, Thomas Newcomen kuedza kuumba hwemvura pombi yakaitwa pamwe pisitoni uye humburumbira, izvo jekiseni mumvura. Rakanga wokutanga zvakakomba kuedza kushandisa chiutsi. Munyori ari nani hwemvura injini muna 1763 akava Dzheyms Uatt. Muna 1784 patented wokutanga hwemvura chinovhura kaviri chiito, kushandiswa kugadzira chigayo. Okusuma patents akaita kuti Copyright kudzivirira vavambi, izvo zvakabatsira choita kuti zviitiko itsva. Pasina danho iri kwaisambonyanya zvinogoneka kwemaindasitiri.

Progress uye Matambudziko (tafura riri pamufananidzo pazasi) anoratidza kuti chiutsi injini chimurenga akasimudzira maindasitiri chiitiko senga. Kusvika wokutanga locomotives ari kumeso njanji chokuita nezita George Stephenson (1814), pachake akatonga 1825 chitima 33 ngoro iri rokutanga munhoroondo njanji kuti vagari. Her nzira kureba 30 km akabatana Stockton uye Darlington. Pakazosvika pakati remakore, England vose vachiapoteredza neboka richikurukura njanji. A shoma apfuura American Robert Fulton, uyo aishanda France, steamboat wokutanga (1803) akaedzwa.

ouinjiniya mberi

zvinofanira kuitwa kuti vabudirire, pasina izvo hazvina zvibvire Industrial Revolution iri tafura kumusoro - kuchinja kubva fekitari kuti fekitari. Kugadzirwa of lathe, achiita dimura manatsi uye kukurova. Mechanic kubva England Genri Modsli akaita budiriro kukura indasitiri, zvinobudirira kutanga bhizimisi idzva - zvokuimba ouinjiniya (1798-1800). Kuti vave nechokwadi michina vashandi fekitari anofanira akasika michina inoita zvimwe michina. Munguva pfupi pakanga planing uye azvikuya michina (1817, 1818). Mechanical Engineering vakabatsira kutanga simbi uye marasha, izvo akabvumira England kuzonyudza dzimwe nyika pamwe chisingakoshi kugadzirwa zvinhu. Nokuti ichi, iye akanzi "workshop kwenyika".

Collective basa pamwe kukura muchina mudziyo indasitiri zvava faniro. Akaumba mutsva mhando mushandi - anoita chimwe chete oparesheni uye haisi kubereka Finished chigadzirwa kubvira pakutanga kusvikira pakupedzisira. Pakave bazi vakangwara ehondo remaoko, izvo zvakazoita kuti chidzoke nenyanzvi vanokwanisa, akaumba hwaro mukirasi pakati. The Industrial Revolution - haisi chete waishandiswa chinoitwa, asiwo zvikuru munzanga yakaipa.

The Social Migumisiro

The chikuru Pamusana kwemaindasitiri - kusikwa muindasitiri vanhu. It kunoratidzwa:

• Personal rusununguko vemunyika.
• Market nomukadzi.
• Chinokosha kugadzirwa.
• Technical mazuvaano.
• The itsva mamiriro kambani (the predominance mumaguta makuru vagari, kirasi stratification).
• Competition.

Kune zvitsva hwokugadzira nezvaanogona (chokufambisa, ei), izvo anovandudza upenyu vanhu. Asi pakutsvaka mubereko, asi bourgeoisie akanga achitsvaka nzira yokuderedza mari basa, izvo zvakakonzera kushandiswa kwakapararira vakadzi nevana. Society rwakakamukana makirasi maviri rinopikisa: yacho bourgeoisie uye proletariat.

Ko akaparadzwa vanhuwo zvavo uye navapfuri vesimbi kugona kuwana basa nokuti nokushaya mabasa. Honzeri vakatenda muchina, todzitsiva basa, saka kukura kuti kuenda pamusoro michina. Vashandi Vakaputsa midziyo mafekitari kuti vanozvisanangurira mavambo kirasi hondo kuzorwa Vadzvinyiriri. Kukura nemabhengi kuwedzera guru kupinza kupinda muEngland pakutanga XIX remakore, kwakatungamirira yakaderera solvency dzimwe nyika, izvo zvakazoita kuti dambudziko overproduction muna 1825. Ndiwo matambudziko kuti akakonzera kwemaindasitiri.

Kuita uye nematambudziko (Table): migumisiro kwemaindasitiri

Table pamusoro kwemaindasitiri (kuita uye matambudziko) kwaizova kukwana pasina kufungisisa wokumwe negwaro zvinhu. Vazhinji XIX remakore yeBritain zvoupfumi ukuru akanga chisingarambiki. Iye vakatonga nyika kutengeswa pamusika, iyo nokukurumidza kukura. In padariro rokutanga makwikwi zvakanga chete nemhaka mutemo nechinangwa France Napoleon Bonaparte. Gogonera Kugadzirwa nyika zvemari kunogona kuonekwa mumufananidzo pazasi.

Danho rechipiri vechimurenga: yacho kwaita nevhu rakawandisa

Technical vachishuva Danho rechipiri dzinoturwa pamusoro (ona. № mufananidzo 4). Primary pakati pavo vari nokugadzirwa nzira itsva yokukurukurirana (runhare, redhiyo uye teregirafu) dzomunyika injini uye choto steelmaking. The chidzoke anopa itsva simba nokuda kuwanikwa oiri. Izvi akabvumira Karl Benz kokutanga kuumba motokari panguva imwe peturu injini (1885). At basa murume akauya kemisitiri, kwamakadarika simba chakaita zvokugadzirwa zvinhu zvakasikwa.

For nezvinobvamo itsva (pamusoro pokumuka yeminda mafuta, somuenzaniso), zvaida guta. Yakawedzera pfungwa wevasungwa nokuda kwemapazi, uyewo kubatanidzwa nomumwe wavo pamwe mabhanga, ane basa yakawedzera zvinooneka. Pane nevhu rakawandisa - makambani simba kuti tidzore zvose kugadzirwa kumusika. Ivo chamuita kuti kwemaindasitiri. Kuita uye Matambudziko (tafura iri pasi apa) chokuita zvakazokonzerwa kwaita chindingindingi capitalism. Mhando nevhu rakawandisa mumufananidzo.

Migumisiro danho rechipiri kwemaindasitiri

The gogonera kukura enyika uye chidzoke vemakambani makuru zvakakonzera hondo nokuda redivision hwenyika, misika kubatwa uye manyuko itsva mbishi zvinhu. Munguva kubva 1870 kusvika 1955 kwaiva maviri chakakomba uto kunetsana. akawandisa nyika vaivapowo mbiri dzenyika. Pakusikwa nevhu rakawandisa dzakawanda kwakaita kuti upfumi weboka nyika pasi pakudzorwa mari oligarchy. Asi, aina nenhumbi Makambani makuru akatanga Export guta, ndinosika firimu kuti yakaderera-mubayiro kunyika. Mukati nyika, hunodzorwa nevhu rakawandisa, kunoparadza uye kuchipedza emakambani duku.

Asi mugove rekuva itakurwe kwemaindasitiri. Kuita uye nematambudziko (tafura dzaitaurwa wokupedzisira Sub-rokuremekedza) rechipiri Danho - ugone migumisiro zvesayenzi uye kwesayenzi zvakawanwa, zvisikwa kwezvivako munzanga, kuchinjira kumamiriro ezvinhu matsva oupenyu. Chindingindingi capitalism - kupfuura yemhando chimiro capitalist kwadzinoita kugadzirwa umo zvose kupokanidzana Bourgeois Society uye matambudziko anozviratidza zvakazara.

Results rechipiri Danho

Industrial Revolution: kuita uye matambudziko (ona tafura)

The Industrial Revolution, nokubudirira uye zvinetso dzinoturwa pamahwandefa maviri (mu rokutanga uye rechipiri nzendo), - mukuru kubudirira yebudiriro. Yezwi fekitari kugadzirwa Akaperekedzwa muzvigadzirwa mberi. Zvisinei, ngozi hondo uye zvakatipoteredza njodzi kunoda kuti pave michina ano uye kushandisa zvinyorwa zvitsva simba kutongwa humanistic evanhu masangano.