Zvinoitwa kuti biosphere kodzero dzevanhu uye pamusoro biosphere

Shoko rokuti "biosphere" yakatanga hwakatangwa ari yeAustria Mazvikokota uye geologist Eduard Eossom muna 1875. Sezvariri kushandurwa, zvaireva kuti zvoupenyu hwavo. Zvisinei, ichi nguva refu asati biosphere kupiwa Titles. Akanga kunzi "mufananidzo zvakasikwa," "nzvimbo mhenyu", "kufukidza mhenyu" uye zvichingodaro. N. The zviri pfungwa iyi runoonekwa zvakasikwa zvakawanda.

Nhoroondo kudzidza biosphere

Pakutanga, mashoko okuti "mufananidzo zvakasikwa" uye akafanana zvaireva dzakaunganidzwa avo zvipenyu kuti akararama panyika. Asi zvipenyu JB Lamarck (1744-1829 gg.) Revolutionary pfungwa akaiswa mberi. Akataura kuti zvipenyu vatambe chihombe basa paumbwe pasi goko. Lamarck akasimbisa kuti avo zvinhu izvo vanobatanidzwa mairi, dzisingadi somugumisiro webasa zvipenyu.

Kwemakore, pfungwa yokuti pakati zvinhu zvipenyu nezvisiri zvipenyu hunhu, pane hwepedyo uye kuti zvinenge zvose pave migumisiro pamusoro yakapoteredza zvemakemikari, Geological uye mumuviri zvinhu, achiwedzera vakatora pfungwa masayendisiti. It kukanganiswa kuchinja zvakaitika ari maonero kuti kudzidza zvakasikwa. Natural masayendisiti kuramba chokwadi chokuti kwemasayendisiti uye mananara kuitika dzevanhu zvakatipoteredza, zvinokosha kudzidza zvavo vanogara.

About matanhatu apfuura, Academician V. I. Vernadskim akanga zvakangonyuka dzidziso biosphere the goko kwePasi, izvo inogarwa zvipenyu. Izvi zvimwe achinja zvinoreva izwi. Zvino pfungwa "biosphere" rinoshanda kwete chete kune muviri, asiwo zvakavapoteredza.

mamiriro

Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti Kuronga biosphere zvinosanganisira:

• biogenic fuma kunokonzerwa nedanho zvipenyu zvinokosha (reraimu, marasha, ratinoona magasi, etc ...);
• nyaya, riri boka rezvinhu zvipenyu zvipenyu;
• pfupa fuma, yakabuda pasina nezvokupindira upi zvipenyu (kuputika dhaka, chikuru mhando, etc ...);
• biokostnoe fuma kuva kubatanidzwa mugumisiro abiogenous ivhu pezvakaitwa uye basa zvipenyu.

Kugadzirwa evanhu uye biosphere

Vanhu kubva pakutanga kwayo ane zvakananga zvazvinoita zvakavapoteredza. Nguva iyi kunogara kwemakore anenge mamiriyoni 30-40. Human kukanganisa biosphere Pasi ndiro anthropogenic chikonzero.

Kutanga kuonekwa sehofisi ibwe zera, izvo rakaenderana nguva icing at. Kuti vararame, vanhu vaifanira kunovhima mhuka huru yakadai kuchamhembe uye tsvuku nondo, woolly chipembere, nemapoka runobudirira, etc. Uchapupu chokwadi ichi - .. The mapfupa dzomusango kuti akawanikwa nemasayendisiti kuti nzvimbo dzekare. Human nezvainoita shanduka ari biosphere muna Stone Age kunooneka mune zvakawanda kuparadzwa guru herbivores. kuvhima mugumisiro kuparara kwenhamba yevanhu vanhu vazhinji, uyewo kunyangarika mamwe marudzi.

10-13 zviuru apfuura, Ice Age chikatsiviwa unopinza kwetembiricha. MuEurope, vakapararira masango, aiva kutsakatika mhuka huru. Panguva iyi, zvinoitwa biosphere pamunhu chaizvo zvinokosha. Kuchinja ezvinhu zvezvakatipoteredza uye rakachinja upenyu vanhu. Kana ichi vakadonha vatotanga upfumi hwaro munzanga yevanhu. Vanhu vakatamira rakasiyana nguva kukura, achisiya evasingatombonamati mutengi mafungiro kurutivi zvakatipoteredza.

It Nokufarisisa idzva ibwe zera, kana panguva iyoyo pamwe kuvhima, hove uye kuungana howa uye michero yakanga ichikura kukosha kwacho okuwana zvokudya. Zvinoitwa kuti biosphere dzevanhu zvishoma nezvishoma shoma. Previous kuedza ruminant yemiti uye domestication emhuka. Pakutsigira ichi masayendisiti yakawanikwa nemisha dzevanhu kwenguva, iyo yakawanikwa gorosi, bhari nenyemba. Paivawo mapfupa nezvipfuwo - nguruve uye makwai.

With kukura vanhu vakatanga kubuda upfumi chevafundisi uye zvokurima. Pave paya, vanhu vakatanga kuva chicherwa mari. Zvino kwaita simbi.

Mumakore maviri emakore kwevanhu nezvainoita biosphere payo rwave ruchiwedzera. Izvi akwanise ne Qualitative kusvetuka kukura zvesainzi. Mazuvano, kwevanhu nezvainoita biosphere akatora yemapuraneti pezvose. Panguva iyoyo ine zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga kukanganisa mberi shanduka dzakapoterera kwezvakatipoteredza.

Kuzvipokanidza pakati vanhu uye biosphere

The yose Nhoroondo Nguva co-kuvapo zvakasikwa uye vanhu kungaratidzwa ari kubatana maviri akasiyana nemiitiro. Chokutanga, matambudziko mabasa evanhu pamusoro mamiriro ose biosphere yava uye kuramba kuwedzera nokuda kwayo kuramba pakutongwa pamusoro pezvisikwa. Uyezve, pane kuramba kudzamisa kuti kusawirirana pakati munzanga uye zvakatipoteredza.

Kushandisa zviwanikwa

Human nezvainoita biosphere runonyanya kuratidzwa kuti akanga mwoyo munharaunda zvinodiwa guru zvikamu Earth, kuwana zvakawanda kwazvo chicherwa pfuma, iyo vanokamurwa kupinda hariperi uye exhaustible. Kune rokutanga izvi zvinoreva mhepo, gungwa mafungu uye zuva nemwaranzi. ekunze ichi, mvura uye nzvimbo pfuma. Hariperi vaiona semvura uye mhepo. Zvisinei, basa munhu akaita kutsunga hama yakadaro. Saka, somugumisiro kusvibiswa kukonzerwa ezvoupfumi zvinodiwa, mvura mune dzimwe nzvimbo nyika akapfuura ari dhefisiti muboka.

Pari, chete conditionally kune hariperi nezvinhu zvinogona kunzi oxygen. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti mvura kudzorera yapfuura chinzvimbo uye mhepo inofanira dzakakurudzira kunobatsirawo biosphere kwevanhu. Implementation Its zvinogoneka muchimiro kukura uye humwe Implementation makuru-pamwero mapurogiramu dzezvakatipoteredza siyana.

Igaroziva mabasa evanhu pamusoro biosphere uye runoratidzwa kushandisa exhaustible mari. Idzi dzinosanganisira: hwevhu, fauna of uye kasvisto, uyewo zvicherwa. Shandisa nokuda kwavo pachavo zvavanoda vanhu vakatanga vari neolithic munguva. Pakutanga vanhu vakatanga kushandisa mhangura nendarama zvinokosha. Gare gare, vakatanga angu uye ndokunzwa siyana mhangura. Zvicherwa izvi kugadzirirwa netini, kutungamirira, sirivha uye mhangura. To musi, avo maindasitiri kugadzirwa munhu anoshandisa zvakawanda anozivikanwa chicherwa ores, uyewo mafuta, marasha uye gasi. Development musayenzi uye michina mberi anovhura kuruzhinji zvose zvitsva mafomu-ferrous uye ferrous nesimbi, uyewo siyana vasiri esimbi zvinhu. Saka kuwedzera kukura uye kugadzirwa kuderedzwa sosaiti ores, uye kuwedzera bhuku mafuta anobudiswa kubva mumatsime iri nemuGungwa.

The upfumi Exchange evanhu munzvimbo yakakura nyika yedu. Zvisinei, pasinei neizvi, nzvimbo yavo kuwedzera gore negore. Kukura uye kushandisa mutambo mhuka, zvinhu hove namatanda.

mhepo kusviba

Gore negore ino iri kuwedzera kwevanhu arambe achirema. Izvi kunowedzera uye matambudziko vanhu zvakatipoteredza. Kazhinji, nemigumisiro yakaipa basa rose iri rokutanga anotora biosphere. Human kukanganisa zvakatipoteredza aigona kuchinja mararamiro zana ane-refu yakasimbiswa biogenic kwendangariro.

Mumwe mugumisiro Kugadzirwa indasitiri ndiyo nemhepo yakasviba. Izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka muguta, uyewo mukati fekitari uye fekitari nemaruwa. Pano, mumhepo inowedzera zvikuru mwero wevasungwa anokuvadza magasi. Somugumisiro, pane neizvi kushanda ari biosphere nevanhu. Chokutanga, chinotaurwa iri ngozi kuti mhepo yakasvibiswa ane utano hwedu. Uyezve, anokuvadza magasi kwakabatana mwando mumhepo uye vachiwira pasi sezvo iine acid mvura. deposits kwakadaro kanganisa kunaka ivhu, nokuderedza goho.

Vanonyanya kupa kusvibiswa mhepo - simbi uye simbi kugadzirwa, uyewo nzvimbo kuti vapise Tourism. Zvinokuvadza mumhepo kubva yamavira, zvikwepa motokari uye yamavira pedza. Zvikurukuru ngozi ndiyo chinhu sarufa dioxide. Ichi uturu gasi, izvo nyore urwa mumvura. Hit ichi nezvimwe Zvinosvibisa kupinda kufema mapazi kwevanhu kushandisa chikafu kunotungamirira ndechokuti biosphere ndiye nezvainoita womunhu muviri kwakakanganisa.

Kuvapo mukuru wevasungwa rwesarufa dioxide kwakacherechedzwa pedyo smelters. fuma iyi zvinokonzera hypoplasia zvirimwa anoparadza chlorophyll uye kunobatsira kuti aiyanika panze uye idonhe mashizha uye tsono. Part negasi uku mamwe oxidized. Somugumisiro ichi kuita zviri sulfuric anhydrite, izvo kwete anokonzera zvakaipa zvose zvipenyu, asiwo anoparadza imba. Uyezve, achipinda ivhu, chinhu ichi okumavirira kunze chakuvhuvhu iyo miti kuwana zvose zvinovaka muviri zvavanoda.

Nokuda kuti kuramba combustion imwe yakawanda huni zvakare anowanikwa kusvibiswa yacho biosphere. The matambudziko kusvibiswa iri hwevanhu asi okusafarira. Chokwadi chokuti ine chepfu yeimwe zhinji mumhepo. Izvi kabhoni uye senitrogen oxides, kutungamirira yeimwe uye makabhohaidhiretsi siyana dzakadai ethylene uye acetylene. Izvi zvinokuvadza zvinoriumba, tichibatanidza mumhepo nemvura mumate, kuva chepfu bvungapfunga - smog. Iye anoparadza nemiti mumaguta. Uyewo, pachena uye inokanganisa utano hwevanhu pamusoro biosphere. Muchetura mhute chinowedzera kuratidzwa zvirwere zvakawanda, kusanganisira kenza.

Freshwater Kusvibisa

Kukura kudyiwa ichi chinokosha rwokuzvarwa zvekuvaka Rinobatanidzwa nokuwedzera kwenhamba vanhu munyika, kuwedzera utsanana dzavo uye kukura kwakaita unodiridzwa zvokurima uye indasitiri. izvi zvose zvinogona kukonzera mukana wokuti "mvura nzara". Uye pano zvinofanira dzakakurudzira akanaka evanhu nezvainoita biosphere. Mumwe matanho kugadzirisa dambudziko iri kutanga mibvunzo kuti ndaisagona kunwa mvura mari. Uyezve, zviyero anofanira kutorwa kubvisa nemaindasitiri discharges kupinda nzizi. chepfu pashure zvose urayai madziva.

Marine kusvibiswa

Pamwe chete rwizi mvura drains the munyanza kunobva peturu pathogenic tsvina, chepfu mhando Organic yeimwe, munyu inorema simbi zhinji.

Somugumisiro, pakusvibiswa rinosvika kukura kwakadaro kuti kubatwa dzemugungwa uye hove kukodzera rinodyiwa nevanhu.

Aichinja ivhu

Gore negore, vanhu vanounganidza paminda chirimwa. Pamwe pacho ivhu rakaorera akaturikidzana wakasuduruka yakawanda potassium, phosphorus uye senitrogen, i.e. zvinhu zvinodiwa chirimwa kudya kunovaka. Kuti muzadze izvi zvinokosha zvinoumba mumunda wekubatsira gore negore kuti makemikari uye chicherwa fetiraiza. chadzo inofanira kuva kwakakwana kubudisa goho guru uye kubviswa topsoil kuparadzwa. Chinokosha kuramba kunaka minda kushandiswa yakakodzera chirimwa kutenderera.

Kana zvakaipa munhu ari kurima nyika kukurwa kwevhu kunoitika. kuparadzwa uku chapamusoro, akaparirwa nemhepo kana dzemvura. Kana overgrazing mu Semi-murenje steppes zvingakonzera rikukurwe nemhepo.

Somugumisiro mabasa evanhu angavatsugudusa mudyandigere okurima turnover nzvimbo huru. Zvinogonekawo kuti rakavhurika nzira pakuchera. Mirwi ivhu uye zvakadzika basa rokuparadza munzvimbo yakakura yakanga yakabatana ndima. Saka pane kutyora hydrological hurumende yacho, kusvibiswa mvura, mhepo uye ivhu. Panguva imwe chete ungaderedza goho.

Impact pamusoro kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka

Somugumisiro yakananga kwevanhu kukanganisa hunhu kunoitika kunanga chinja zvakatipoteredza. Chimwe chimiro simba akadaro yakajeka nokuveza masango. Panyaya iyi, vakasarira zvirimwa repasi weDanho vari pasi rwakashata pokudzora zvakananga kupenya kwezuva. In mumvuri-kasvisto vaparadzwa chlorophyll uye chinovatadzisa kukura. Somugumisiro kunyangarika kwezvimwe. Kaviri kuchinja uye nyika mhuka. Miti avo vane kuvapo imhaka muti chemwenje, tama kune dzimwe nzvimbo kana kubviswa.

The inokanganisa zvinomera musango vane kushanyira vashanyi uye pazororo. Vari tsika uye ivhu compaction uyewo kusvibisa hunhu.
A inokanganisa mhuka yave hove fauna of, vari kuti munhu muviri kukosha kana vanokwanisa kuunza zvinhu zvinobatsira. Izvi zvinotungamirira mamwe marudzi kuti vatarisana kutsakatika. Uye ichi, akavapindurawo, chinokonzera kuderera nokugadzikana biocenoses.

radiocontamination

Muna 1945, nyika yedu nedambudziko guru. Zvino pashure pamusoro Japanese maguta Nagasaki uye Hiroshima, vokuAmerica akadonha mabhomba mabhomba. Vanhu vakadzidza pamusoro kusvibiswa renyukireya pamusoro biosphere. More pose mumagazini ino vakagamuchirwa pashure zvenyukireya miedzo ichiitwa kusvika 1963

Kuzarisa mabhomba mabhomba kukonzera simba ionizing nemwaranzi. Muchiitiko chino, radioactive nezvimedu vakatakudzwa pamusoro madaro marefu, kusvibisa zvipenyu, mvura uye ivhu. Uye pano rwunotanga kuva inokanganisa vanhu biosphere. Radioactive isotopes vachipinda muviri, ari nezvakwakaipira sei zvinyama nenyere masero. Nokudaro murume anoramba nyore kuti dzakasiyana-siyana zvirwere, kusanganisira zvinouraya.

zvombo zvenyukireya yekuedzwa, uye kutakura imwe ngozi. Panguva paumbwe nebhomba rakaputika guru uwandu rakatsetseka. nezvimedu Its zvabatwa zvachose mumhepo uye kwete zvakaitika pasi chinokosha uwandu rezuva mwaranzi. Izvi zvingaita kuti kutanga mashoko "kutonhora yenyukireya" kuti hunotungamirira kurufu zvose zvipenyu.