Zvakasiyana sei anonzi chirimwa: Agriculture, fitotehniya, agronomy?

Chirimwa Kugadzirwa - rinokosha bazi zvokurima, iyo inobereka 70% of zvachose kwevanhu ukapisa zvokudya. Decorative uye Deciduous zvinomera uye maruva munoshongedza dzimba pedyo munzvimbo, omukati. nhengo dzakawanda nemiti zvinoshandiswa sezvo maindasitiri, mishonga uye anonhuwira mbishi dzinovaraidza zvokudya. Mutoo zvinonzi chirimwa, mabhuku, mabhuku kwesayenzi uye akakurumbira uye emirayiridzo? mubvunzo uyu unomuka mu vechikoro, vadzidzi vepayunivhesiti uyewo nyanzvi kushanda nenzira dzakasiyana sectors hwenyika. Ngationei kuti basa iri dzaisiyana kwemazana emakore zita rayo.

Chii zita chirimwa?

Kuchinja kuti aivapo upenyu - chiitiko chinokosha mune chinyakare muvanhu. Paiva zvakawanda rakavimbika zvokudya kupfuura kuungana michero uye mbeu zvakasikwa. MuEurope, kwemazana emakore huru zvirimwa zvokurima zviyo, hunodzorwa chinyakare maturusi kuti ivhu kurimwa. Vatsvakurudzi, vafambi, navatengesi zvirimwa itsva: maranjisi, manwiwa, miriwo, mbatatisi. At pakutanga XX uye XXI remakore zvakaguma yepamusoro nzira kurimwa uye kurima zvirimwa. Chirimwa Kugadzirwa anoramba kuchinja tichizviona. Kushandisa yazvino pane mumatanho zvose okurima kugadzirwa. Muminda basa, itsva Tillage uye kukohwa michina.

Akatendeukira mapeji maduramazwi uye mabhuku, unogona kudzidza kuti zvakasiyana anonzi chirimwa, chii chiri specificity bazi ichi zvokurima. Akasiyana Shanduro ndiwo mazwi:

• kurima;
• minda;
• chirimwa;
• Agriculture (kubva mushoko rechiGiriki "Agros" - "munda");
• fitotehniya;
• agronomy.

Agriculture - hwaro chirimwa

Dzinobatsira mabasa kurima kwakavakirwa mashoko kubva dzinoverengeka sayenzi: zvipenyu, kemisitiri, ikoroji. Kudiwa ruzivo botanical kupatsanura, ivhu ehupfumi, kurimwa rwokugadzira. Mu "The Complete Encyclopedia of Russian Agriculture uye Sciences uchikurukura naye," yakabudiswa Russia (1900-1912), yose indasitiri inonzi agronomy. Mu "Russian murimi Handbook", rakapepetwa VG Nyquist (1913) anotsanangurawo zita mumwe chirimwa - fitotehniya. Muzana remakore rapfuura vakaumba zvimwe zvinoumba indasitiri:

• arable kurima - kugadzirwa ezviyo (gorosi, mupunga, chibage), zvekushandisa (sunflower, shuga nomudonzvo, donje), zvadzinofura zvirimwa;
• miriwo - kukura bindu miti (makabheji, hanyanisi, pepper, madomasi nezvimwe);

• horticulture - kurima pome zvibereko, ibwe zvibereko, mazambiringa uye nezvimwe zvirimwa;
• Sora miti;
• ruva;
• mafuro;
• foresitiri.

Agricultural vanachiremba kuva mitoo zvokurima uye chirimwa mhando, kuvandudza ivhu kurimwa unyanzvi, kusika VaNefirimu uye mhando husingakwanisi zvirwere uye tupukanana. Matambudziko nyaya iri nemauto vari kuderedza mari, kuderedza kuvimba dzinongoitika zvinhu pamusoro.

Intensification zvirimwa kugadzirwa

World kurima iri kukura dynamically. Inosimudzira negoho, chigadzirwa quality, maindasitiri ruzivo nezvevanakomana. Mutoo inonzi chirimwa kuti zvikuru nowenyika maindasitiri kugadzirwa? All zvikuru inowanzoshandiswa rokuti "zvokurima nzira." Cropping kunosanganisira kushandisa wandei unyanzvi:

• Tillage;
• kushandiswa chicherwa uye Organic fetiraiza;
• gadziriro mbeu, vachidyara zvinhu;
• kudyara uye nokusima;
• hanya pamusoro yecocoa kwakavakirwa zvipenyu zvechadenga chirimwa, ivo okunze enyika mwaka;
• Kukohwa.

"Basic Principles kuti kurima iri ndechokuti ivhu inowanikwa shure zvose iye atora" - akanyora muvambi okurima kemisitiri Justo of Liebig. On zvakawanwa masayendisiti uye tsika munda-chirimwa nyika inobva zvekuvaka uye ivhu kuchengetedza hurongwa "bandpass» (Strip-kusvikira), «shoma» (Mini-kusvikira) uye "razero» (Nou-kusvikira) Tillage. Vari zvinobudirira kushandiswa muUnited States, Germany, Russia, Ukraine uye zvinoverengeka Canadian enyika. Technology zvainanga ndichengetedze ivhu, simba okuponesa. Manufacturers okurima mbishi zvinhu kuva kubudiswa uye kutengeswa mishonga iri "munda - kugadzirwa - pakaunda." Kunyanya chinokosha musimboti ichi kurima makemikari zvokudya.

mira rabha

Dzinobudirira nzira kurima pasina ivhu. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, kuti mvura inoshandiswa, ine zvayo sezvamunoita anodiwa muviri. Zvakasiyana sei inonzi chirimwa kuti haatarisiri ivhu? Iyi nzira yerudzi rutsva kubudisa chirimwa - hydroponics. MuchiGiriki rinoreva kushandiswa "kushanda mhinduro".

Industrial zvirimwa, pana hydroponics, akazviratidza nekaupenyu achangobva. kuparadzirwa Its Rinobatanidzwa ne mukuru kunyatsoshanda zviumbu kuti zvingaonekwa wakaiswa pamusoro mumwe, nokusika kutwasuka mapindu nemapindu. Kune mhando akasiyana inosimbisa inotonhorera muvhenganiswa nemidzi zvinomera. Nzira ine zvakawanda zvakanaka. Kunoda zvishoma nzvimbo kugadzirwa, shoma kukuvadza ivhu utachiona kuunza zvirwere, zvipembenene nehonye. The kushanda Urume inogona kuwedzerwa zvinhu kuti kuwedzera kukura yokudzora ya maruva uye ruva parinova zambiringa.

Agriculture, floriculture uye utano

Mabikirwo chokuwana zvokudya zvinogadzirwa zvinonzi nevakawanda kushandiswa kuvavarira kemisitiri, zvinoberekeswa dzakachinjwa (GMO). Mumwe matambudziko ndiyo kushandiswa senitrogen fetiraiza, zvinoita kuti ikwanise kuwanika mune muriwo, michero, manwiwa carcinogenic yeimwe - nitrates. Inokanganisa hutano mamiriro vemo pakushandisa chirimwa vamwe agrochemicals. In neimwe nyika, makasimbiswa mumirau chikumbiro chavo, icho kuongororwa nokuda phytosanitary mabasa.

A vaizotibata mirayiridzo iri makemikari kurima. To nhumbi dzake (chaivo, zvakatipoteredza noushamwari) dzakakwirira zvinodiwa. Agricultural yemakambani uye varimi musashandisa chakaita zvokugadzirwa makemikari uye GMOs vari kurima miti, iri kubudiswa mbishi zvinhu zvokudya.

Riparadzirwe zvinhu pasi rwokuzvarwa kurima riri pasi zano.

Pari, masayendisiti zvokurima uye vanoita kuvandudza dzavo kugadzirwa nzira. Nevakawanda muAtlantic kombiyuta Michina unhu kudzora zvokurima zvigadzirwa, kukudziridza nemakemikari uye nemagene nzira kuvandudza kutapata zvinomera. Zvinonzi vakawanda vava eco ushamwari zvigadzirwa, kunyanya munyika dzakabudirira.