Phosphorus aro yeimwe. kushandiswa hunobatsira phosphorus yeimwe

Pakati zvinovaka muviri zvakakodzera kuti govera nzvimbo chaiyo iri phosphorus. Nekuti harigoni kuvapo pasina yeimwe zvakadaro zvinokosha, zvakadai ATP kana phospholipids uyewo dzimwe Organic zvinhu. Makavigwa inorganic uye chinhu ichi akafuma kwazvo mamorekuru siyana. Phosphorus aro yeimwe vari zvinowanzoshandiswa indasitiri, muri wekuongorora zvinokosha zvoutachiona urongwa, anoshandiswa muminda mabasa evanhu akasiyana. Naizvozvo, isu funga chii chinoumba ari chinhu, chii zvayo nyore fuma uye chinonyanya kukosha yeimwe.

Phosphorus: Kazhinji rondedzero chinhu

Zvinzvimbo periodic ino inogona kurondedzerwa mune ndima shoma.

1. The boka wechishanu, mukuru boka.
2. A yechitatu nguva duku.
3. Serial nhamba - 15.
4. Mabhomba guru - 30,974.
5. E configuration 1s atomu ² 2s ² 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ^{2 3.}
6. Possible oxidation Mamiriro -3 kusvika +5.
7. The mushonga chiratidzo - P ari Masvomhu madudzirwo "Pe". Zita chinhu - phosphorus. The zita echiLatin phosphorus.

History of kuwanikwa atomu rine nemidzi yawo kure XII remakore. Kunyange zvinyorwa masayendisiti vakasangana mashoko, kutaura kuwana risingazivikanwi "luminous" nyaya. Zvisinei, mukuru mukuru musi kuwanika uye kwetunhu phosphorus rakatanga muna 1669. Kusauka kunotenga Brand achitengesa kunotsvaka muzivi wacho ibwe randomly synthesized nefuma, izvo zvinogona emit rakajeka sokupenya nokupisa anodzimaidza womoto. Akaita izvi nokuda akadzokorora calcination kwevanhu weti.

Pashure pacho pasina pamusoro chete nzira mamwe vanoshingaira maatomu akafanana zviri vakagamuchira:

• J. Kunkel;
• R. Boyle;
• A. Marggraf;
• K. Scheele;
• Lavoisier.

Nhasi, chimwe chezvinhu dzakakurumbira nzira kwetunhu pafuma - kudzorerwa runoenzanirana phosphorus tubhokisi zvicherwa panzvimbo dzakakwirira tembiricha pasi pokudzora carbon dioxide inobvisa uye silica. Masero ari kuitwa chaiyo yamavira. Phosphorus dzaro yeimwe zvinokosha chaizvo zvinhu kuti kurarama zvisikwa uyewo zvakasiyana siyana Syntheses mu makemikari indasitiri. Naizvozvo zvakafanira kuti funga chii kushingaira chinhu sechinhu nyore fuma uye apo zvakasikwa zviine.

Simple fuma phosphorus

Zvakaoma zita chero Kunyanya kubatana, munyaya phosphorus. Izvi imhaka vakawandisa allotropic okunatsiridza kuti maatomu akafanana izvi. Kune mhando huru mana nyore zvinhu zviri phosphorus.

1. White. remubatanidzwa ichi vane nzira R _4. Iri chena, munhu yainge fuma ane jeko kusingafadzi kwakanaka negariki. It unopisa nomuzvarirwo mumhepo panguva dzekudya tembiricha. Anopisa luminous mitema rakachenuruka. Very chepfu uye ngozi kuupenyu. Zvikuru yakakwirira reactivity, saka akanga rakagadzirirwa uye zvakachengetwa pasi paiva Yakanatswa mvura. Izvi zvinogoneka nokuda varombo solubility mu polar zvokufembedzwa. Zvakanaka kuti ichi yakakodzera disulfide chena phosphorus uye makemikari nyaya. Kana vamutswa moyo, inogona zvaitambidzwa zvinotevera allotropic siyana - red phosphorus. Kana kutonhora uye condensing kuti mhute anokwanisa kuumba akaturikidzana. Panguva Kumubata zara mafuta, nyoro, nyore nokuveza banga, chena (zvishoma tsvuku). Utsotso zvokusvika 44 ⁰ C. Nokuda reactivity rinoshandiswa kwetunhu. Asi nokuda toxicity rinofarirwa maindasitiri kushanda.
2. Yellow. Izvi zvakaipa Yakanatswa chimiro chena phosphorus. Hazvina kunyanya muchetura, sezvo zvisingafadzi Rinofembedza ose negariki. Unopisa uye rinopfuta rakajeka murazvo yemandorokwati kusvibira. Izvi yeyero kana shava crystals regai mudutu mvura zvakakwana, kwakakwana oxidation netsvimbo emit chena utsi sezvamunoita P ₄ O _10.
3. Red phosphorus aro yeimwe ndivo rakajairika uye zvinowanzoshandiswa ari indasitiri kuti kunatsiridza pomutumwa. Red pasty guru, panguva yakakwirira kumanikidzwa angakwanisa negore muchimiro Violet crystals ndiyo mishonga vakaneta. polymer ichi anokwanisa Kuparadzwa chete mune dzimwe simbi uye kupfuura chinhu. Pamusangano tembiricha 250 ⁰ C iri sublimated nokuisa chena nadzurudzo. Non-chepfu sekuda yapfuura chimiro. Zvisinei, pamwe kwenguva refu nokufumura muviri chepfu. Rinoshandiswa kushandisa unhani pamusoro kuvesa matchboxes. Izvi imhaka yokuti haigoni vesa nomuzvarirwo, asi kana denotation uye kukweshera rinoputika (aibvira).
4. Black. Maererano kwokunze mashoko akafanana chaizvo graphite, asiwo akashinga ikabatwa. Izvi semiconductor Magetsi. crystals Dark, kupenyerera, havagoni zvazvichanyungudutswa chero zvokufembedzwa zvachose. Kuti ichivhenekera kumusoro, unofanira yakakwirira chaizvo tembiricha pre raskalivanie.

saka hausi kufarira refu-rakazaruka muchimiro phosphorus - chicherwa. Zviri nemunhu uye ane cubic sekristaro napamahwindo.

mushonga ehupfumi

Chemical ehupfumi kuti phosphorus kunobva chimiro umo riri. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, vakawanda vanoshingaira yeyero uye chena nadzurudzo. Kazhinji, ivo phosphorus vanokwanisa kuita pamwe:

• nesimbi nokuumba phosphides uye nokuita sezvo oxidant;
• dzisiri nesimbi, achiita somunhu kuderedza mumiririri uye kuumba kugadzikana uye vasiri kugadzikana yeimwe imwe yakasiyana ndokumwewo;
• oxidants simba kupfuura kupinda phosphoric asidhi ;
• pamwe kuramba caustic alkali kubudikidza disproportionation mhando;
• nemvura panguva yakakwirira chaizvo tembiricha;
• pamwe reokisijeni kuti aumbe oxides siyana.

Chemical ehupfumi kuti phosphorus zvakafanana nezviya senitrogen. nekuti ndiye chikamu boka pniktogenov. Zvisinei, basa anoverengeka mirairo unokosha yepamusorosoro, nemhaka-siyana allotropic okunatsiridza.

Kuva zvakasikwa

Sezvo zvinovaka muviri, phosphorus chinhu chakajairika zvikuru. chikamu muzana wayo 0.09% muna goko. Uyu kumbonyanya guru nhamba. atomu ichi zvakasikwa akawana kupi? Pane zvakawanda chikuru nzvimbo:

• mitema yose zvinomera, mbeu dzavo uye michero;
• munyama mhuka (tsandanyama, mapfupa, zino enamel, zvakawanda zvinokosha Organic yeimwe);
• goko Wepasi;
• ivhu;
• matombo uye zvicherwa;
• gungwa nemvura.

Muchiitiko ichi tinogona kutaura chete pamusoro chokuita siyana, asi kwete nyore nyaya. Handiti ndiye kwazvo kushingaira, uye haabvumiri kuti vakasununguka. Pakati vakapfuma zvicherwa phosphorus ndiwo:

• Inglish;
• ftorapaptit;
• svanbergite;
• phosphorus nezvimwe.

The zvipenyu kukosha chinhu ichi hunokosha. Handiti ndiye chikamu yeimwe akadai:

• mapuroteni;
• phospholipids;
• DNA;
• RNA;
• fosfoproteidy;
• makemikari.

Ndiko, vose vaya vari zvinokosha uye kuti zvinobva yose yose muviri. Daily wokuyera nokuti kuipa kwevanhu vakura vanenge 2 magiramu.

Phosphorus aro yeimwe

Sezvo chaizvo, kushingaira maatomu akafanana anoumba munhu muzvizhinji dzakasiyana zvinhu. Pashure zvose nezvimiro uye phosphide, uye pacharo anoita somunhu kuderedza zvaanoda. Nokuda kwaizvozvi izvozvo haringanzi anonzi ichocho kuti zvaizova inert ari maitiro pazviri. Uye saka yeimwe ose payakavakirwa phosphorus zvikuru siyana. Mumwe anogona kumbotipa wandei makirasi zvinhu pakugadzirwa yaari chinoshingaira mukwikwidzi.

1. Binary yeimwe - oxides, phosphides, rehydrogen akadaro remubatanidzwa sulfide, nitride, uye vamwe. Somuenzaniso: P ₂ O _5, PCL _3, P ₂ S _3, ph _3, uye vamwe.
2. Complex zvinhu: munyu pakubhadhara zvose (paavhareji, acidic, zvinokosha, kaviri, kunzwisisa), acids. Muenzaniso: H ₃ PO _4, Na ₃ PO _4, H ₄ P ₂ O _6, Ca (H ₂ PO _{4) 2,} (NH _{4) 2} HPO ₄ uye nevamwe.
3. Okisijeni tubhokisi Organic yeimwe: mapuroteni, phospholipids, ATP, DNA, RNA, uye vamwe.

Mhando dzakawanda zvinhu vanozivikanwa zvinokosha maindasitiri uye chaivo kukosha. Kushandiswa phosphorus aro yeimwe uye zvichida kwezvokurapa zvinangwa uye kugadzirwa hwehungoya zvemumba.

Compounds vane simbi

Binary yeimwe zviri phosphorus pamwe simbi uye nonmetals zvisinganyanyi electronegative rokuremekedza phosphides. Izvi munyu-zvakadai zvinokuvadza izvo nhaka hwakanyanya kusagadzikana kana chavakaona siyana nevamiririri. Rapid manyowa (hydrolysis) kunoguma kunyange vanhuwo mvura.

Uyezve, pasi zvinoitwa unconcentrated asidhi kunoitika sezvo disintegration mumiriri pamusoro porutivi zvigadzirwa. Somuenzaniso, kana tiri kutaura pamusoro hydrolysis calcium phosphide, zvigadzirwa achava simbi hydroxide uye phosphine:

Ca ₃ P ₂ + 6 ₂ O = 3Ca (OH) ₂ + 2PH ₃ ↑

A phosphide kufumurwa degradable pasi zvinoitwa chicherwa acid, isu tiwane runoenzanirana munyu uye phosphine:

Ca ₃ P ₂ + 6HCL = 3CaCL ₂ + 2PH ₃ ↑

Kazhinji, kukosha nyaya yeimwe sezvo nguva kuti hydrogen aumba somugumisiro imwe phosphorus remubatanidzwa vane ehupfumi zvinokurukurwa pazasi.

Volatiles phosphorus-kwakavakirwa

Pane huru mbiri:

• phosphorus chena;
• phosphine.

Pasi isu kare pamusoro apa, uye zvechadenga tikachirega. Vakati kuti chinhu chena hutema, muchetura kwazvo, smelly uye kuzvidzora kubatidza pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu.

Asi chii chinonzi phosphine? Ndiwo kupfuura kwose kwose uye kuriziva akadaro fuma, izvo zvinosanganisira chinhu pasi kukurukurwa. Hazvina binary, uye nhengo yechipiri - rehydrogen. Formula rehydrogen phosphorus yeimwe - ph _3, zita phosphine.

The ehupfumi izvi zvinhu inogona kurondedzerwa sezvinotevera.

1. Flying Hauoneki gasi.
2. Very muchetura.
3. Rine munhuwi hove wakaora.
4. Sezvo mvura hazvirevi sei chaizvo havaratidzi soluble mariri. Hazvina soluble mune makemikari kemisitiri.
5. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, mishonga chaizvo.
6. It unopisa nomuzvarirwo mumhepo.
7. Akaumba nokuda manyowa nesimbi phosphide.

Chimwe zita - PHOSPHAN. Rinobatanidzwa ne nhoroondo kupfuura kare. The pfungwa yose "famba moto" kuti dzimwe nguva vanhu vakaona muone zvino makuva, anezvimiti. Idenderedzwa kana svechepodobnye mwenje kuti kuonekwa pano uye ipapo, ndinosika chitarisiko rwokufamba, vaitirei semhanza dzakaipa, uye vakatya kwazvo mashura vanhu. Chikonzero chinoita izvi, maererano varipo maonero mamwe masayendisiti, anogona kunzi kuzvidzora kuvesa pamusoro phosphine iro sezvingatarisirwa zvinoberekwa manyowa pane makemikari residues, zvose chirimwa uye mhuka. The gasi inobuda uye kupinda kuonana yakachena, chiedza. The ruvara uye kukura murazvo zvinogona zvakasiyana. Kakawanda, izvi rakajeka mitema mwenje.

Zviri pachena, vose yainge phosphorus mukomboni - zvine chepfu, ayo nyore kuona ne unopinza hachifadzi zvakanaka. Nyaya iyi kunobatsira kudzivirira chepfu uye nemigumisiro.

The yeimwe nevasiri simbi

Kana phosphorus haazvibati somunhu kuderedza mumiriri, zvinokosha kutaura binary yeimwe nevasiri simbi. Kakawanda, vanonyatsokurukura electronegative. Saka, pane mhando dzakawanda nezvinhu izvi ehove

• phosphorus nesarufa remubatanidzwa - sulphide kuti phosphorus P ₂ S _3;
• phosphorus chloride III, V;
• oxides uye anhydride;
• bromide uye iodide, uye vamwe.

kemesitiri kuti phosphorus yayo yeimwe dzaisiyana, saka zvakaoma kuziva kukosha. Achitaura akanatsozvarwa pamusoro zvinhu kuti achiumbwa pakati phosphorus uye vasiri nesimbi, rinokosha ndivo oxides uye chlorides kuti nziyo siyana. Kushandiswa kwemakemikari kwetunhu somunhu dehydrating mumiririri, sezvo catalysts, uye zvichingodaro.

Saka, mumwe simba kupfuura dehumidifying nzira iri yepamusoro phosphorus oxide - P ₂ O _5. Iye Kunokwezva zvakasimba mvura kuitira kuti kana zvakananga kuonana nayo pane chisimba maitiro pamwe simba ruzha kuenderana. Pacharo, nefuma chinhu chena chando-kufanana guru, muna uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. wehurumende pedyo amorphous.

Oxygenated Organic yeimwe pamwe phosphorus

Zvinozivikanwa kuti makemikari kemisitiri pamusoro nhamba yeimwe hunopfuura nokure inorganic. Fani iyi akatsanangura mano isomerism, uye kabhoni maatomu yokuumba siyana hurongwa cheni maatomu muchisungwazve mumwe nomumwe. Sezvingatarisirwa, pane kuti, kureva kupatsanura, riri pasi ose makemikari kemisitiri. Zvisinei, makirasi akasiyana yeimwe, tiri kuziva chimwe kunyanya zvine chokuita chinhu mubvunzo zvakananga. okisijeni tubhokisi ichi yeimwe uye phosphorus. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• coenzymes - NADP, ATP, FMN, pyridoxal phosphate, uye vamwe;
• mapuroteni;
• nucleic acids, vachimuenzanisa phosphoric iine acid vakasara ndiyo chikamu nucleotide;
• phospholipids uye fosfoproteidy;
• makemikari uye catalysts.

Vid Iona, umo phosphorus mamorekuru zvinobatanidzwa paumbwe yeimwe izvi, zvinotevera - PO ₄ ^3-, kureva ndicho iine acid vasara phosphoric acid. Sechivako zvimwe mapuroteni inopinda yepachena atomu kana nyore Ion.

Nokuti chakaipa upenyu mumwe vanoshingaira che mupenyu Muviri Organic yeimwe inoumbwa nazvo kunokosha zvikuru uye zvakakodzera. Hazvibviri kuvaka chero STRUCTURAL nhengo dzomuviri pasina mapuroteni mamorekuru. A DNA uye RNA - huru vatakuri uye zvinotakura magene mashoko. Kazhinji, zvose kubatana vanofanira kuva varipo haambokundikani.

Kushandiswa phosphorus iri indasitiri

Kushandiswa phosphorus aro yeimwe ari indasitiri zvinogona kuzivikanwa pakawanda mu.

1. Akashandiswa kugadzirwa remachisa, bhomba yeimwe, incendiary mabhomba, vamwe rinochiwedzera, lubricants.
2. Sezvo zvitunha magasi uyewo kugadzirwa kwezvinhu incandescent mwenje.
3. Kudzivirira simbi pamusoro ngura.
4. In zvokurima somunhu ivhu fetiraiza.
5. Senzira mvura kunyoroveswa.
6. In kwemakemikari Syntheses kubudisa chepfu zvakasiyana siyana.

Basa iri zvipenyu ipfupi kubatanidzwa mune dzinotsanagura inotungamirwa mazino enamel uye mapfupa. Kubatanidzwa zvineringanidzo uye catabolism siyana, uyewo kwerunyararo dzomunyika hwaiitwa buffering masero uye zvipenyu zvinwiwa. Ndiwo hwaro pamusoro kwetunhu DNA, RNA, phospholipids.