Chii chinonyanya kukosha mu biology? Maitiro nemabasa e kernel

Muchikamu chega chega chipenyu, maitiro akawanda emagadziro emagetsi uye zvinowanzoitika. Kuti uzvitonge, uye kutonga zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokosha, chimiro chakakosha chinodiwa. Chii chinonyanya kukosha mu biology? Nemhaka yei inonyatsopindirana nebasa racho?

Chii chinonyanya kukosha muhupenyu. Tsanangudzo

Icho chinonzi chimiro chinodikanwa chepi zvese masero mumuviri. Chii chakakosha? Mune biology, ichi ndicho chinonyanya kukosha chezvipenyu zvose. Nucleus inogona kuwanika muprotozoa isina kufanana uyewo kune vamiririri vakanyatsorongeka venyika ye eukaryotic. Basa guru rekugadzirisa iyi nderekuchengetedza nekutsvaga kwehutano hwemashoko, huri pano.

Mushure mekuberekwa kweevo ne spermatozoon, maviri haploid nuclei inosanganiswa. Mushure mekunyengedzwa kwemasero epabonde, zygote inoumbwa, nucleus yekare inotakura diploid yekromosomes. Izvi zvinoreva kuti karyotype (iyo genetic ruzivo rwemukati) kakatova nemakopi emagetsi emadzimai nababa.

Dutu re diploid rinowanikwa munenge masero ese eukaryotic. Hapiyo nucleus inenge isina chete nemagetes, asiwo nevamiririri vakawanda vezvisikwa zviri nyore. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvipembenene zvisinganzwisisiki, zvipembenene, mararamiro ezvisikwa zvezvisikwa zveunicellular. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti vazhinji vevamiririri vakanyorwa vane haploid core chete pane imwe nzvimbo yehupenyu hwehupenyu.

Kernel yakagadzirwa

Chii chinonzi chimiro chemukati? Biology inonyatsodzidza kuumbwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya, sezvo inogona kukurudzira kugadzirwa kwema genetics, kusarudzwa uye molecule biology.

Iko nheyo inhengo mbiri-membrane sakhiwo. Nhengo dzomukati dziri kuenderera mberi kwepopoplasmic reticulum, iyo inofanirwa kutakura zvinhu zvakagadzirwa kubva muchitokisi. Nheyo yehupenyu inonzi nucleoplasm.

Chromatin ndiro chinhu chikuru che nucleoplasm. Iyo chromatin yakagadzirwa yakasiyana: pano inonyanya nucleic acids (DNA uye RNA), uyewo mapurotinini uye akawanda ioni yesimbi. DNA mu nucleoplasm inorongwa nenzira yemakromosomes. Icho chromosomes inoparadzanisa mukupatsanurwa, mushure mokunge imwe neimwe yezvikamu zvavo inopinda mumwanasikana masero.

RNA mu nucleoplasm kazhinji inowanikwa mumhando mbiri: mRNA uye rRNA. Matrix RNA inoumbwa panguva yekushandura - kuverenga kwemashoko kubva kuDNA. A molecule yearbonucleic acid yakadaro inobva pamusiyo uye inoramba ichishumira sematrix pakuumbwa kwemapuroteni matsva.

Ribosomal RNA inoumbwa muzvivako zvakadanwa zvinonzi nucleoli. Iyo nucleolus inovakwa kubva kumagumo ekugadzirisa ma chromosomes akaumbwa nemagetsi ekupedzisira. Iyi sarudzo inogona kuonekwa mune microscope chiedza muchimiro chekakanikiti panzvimbo ino. Ribosomal RNAs, iyo inogadzirwa pano, inopindawo cytoplasm ndokuzoita ribosomes pamwe nemaproteni.

Kuumbwa kwechikamu kunobatsira zvakasimba pamabasa. Biology semasayenzi anoongorora zvinhu zve chromatin kuti anzwisise zviri nani nzira dzekunyora uye kushandiswa kwesero.

Mabasa e kernel. Biology yezvinoitika mumutauro

Basa rokutanga uye rinokosha pane kernel nderekuchengetedza uye kutumirwa kwehupenyu hwehupenyu. Iko kamuti isarudzo yakasiyana-siyana yesero, sezvo ine mazhinji emagetsi evanhu. Karyotype inogona kuva haploid, diploid, triploid nezvimwe zvakadaro. Iyo ploidy yehuputi inobva pane basa rese cell pachayo: gametes ndiyo haploid, uye sematic masero ano diploid. Endosperm masero e-angiosperm zvinomera hutatu, uye, pakupedzisira, marudzi mazhinji emarudzi ekudyara ane sorosi yemapromosomes.

Kuendeswa kweruzivo rwehupenyu kune cytoplasm kubva mudumbu kunoitika apo mRNA inoumbwa. Munguva yekudhindwa, magwaro anodikanwa e karyotype anoverengwa, uye pakupedzisira mamolekemu ematrice kana ruzivo rweRNA anogadzirwa.

Uyewo, hutano hunozviratidza muchikamu chekupatsanurwa nematosis, meiosis kana amitosis. Munyaya imwe neimwe, kernel inoita basa rayo. Semuenzaniso, muprophase ye mitosis, ganda rekasiyo rinoputsika uye ma chromosomes akabatanidzwa zvikuru kupinda mu cytoplasm. Zvisinei, mu meiosis, kuputika kwekromosome kunoitika kusati kwaparadzwa kwemuviri mukati. Uye mune amitosis, nucleus inoparadzwa zvachose uye inobatsira zvishoma pakugadzirisa kupatsana.

Mukuwedzera, nucleus inopindira inobatanidzwa mune kutakura zvinhu kubva muchitokisi nekuda kwekubatanidza zvakananga kwemuviri neEPS. Ndicho chinonzi nucleus mu biology.

Fomu yenuclei

Nheyo, chimiro chayo nemabasa zvinogona kuvimba nehutano hwemukati. Zvombo zvenyukireya zvinogona kuve zvakakomberedza, zvakaparadzana, zvakadai semashizha, nezvimwewo. Kazhinji chimiro chemukati chinonyatsoshandiswa kumunhu mumwe nomumwe masero uye masero. Unicellular zvipenyu zvinopesana nemhando yezvokudya, mararamiro ehupenyu, uye panguva imwe chete, chimiro chemuviri wehutachi hunosiyanawo.

Kusiyana kwehupenyu uye chiyero chemukati kunogona kuteverwa kune muenzaniso we leukocytes.

• Iyo nucleus ye-neutrophils inogona kugoverwa uye isina kugoverwa. Muchiitiko chekutanga tinotaura nezveganda rakagadzirwa nemabhiza, uye chimiro ichi chimiro chemasero mashoma. Chikamu chechikamu chinokonzerwa nekuumbwa kwezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana mumutsara, zvichiguma nekuumbwa kwezvikamu zvakasiyana zvakabatana pamwechete.
• Mune eosinophils, nucleus ine chimiro chinonzi dumbbell maitiro. Muchiitiko ichi, zvombo zvenyukireya zvinosanganisira zvikamu zviviri zvakabatanidzwa nekugoverana.
• Anenge mhepo yose ye lymphocytes inobatwa nucleus yakakura. Chete chikamu chiduku che cytoplasm chinoramba chichikomberedza nharaunda yesero.
• Mune masero masvikiro emagetsi, iyo nucleus inogona kuva nebazi rebhanchi.

Nhamba yenuclei mune imwe sero inogona kunge yakasiyana

Kwete nguva dzose muchitini chemuviri kune imwe nucleus chete. Dzimwe nguva kuvapo kwemaviri kana akawanda emagetsi enyukliya kunodiwa kuita mabasa akawanda panguva imwe chete. Mukusiyana, mamwe masero anogona kuita pasina kernel zvachose. Heano mimwe mienzaniso yemasero asina kujairika umo mune kamuti imwe chete kana kuti hapana zvachose.

1. Erythrocytes uye maplatelets. Izvi zvinokonzerwa neropa zvinotakura hemoglobin uye fibrinogen, zvichienderana. Kuti imwe sero inobata huwandu hwenyaya, yakarasikirwa nucleus yayo. Izvi hazvifananidzi kune vose vamiririri vemhuka yemhuka: matatya ane masero matsvuku eropa ane izwi rakataurwa. Izvi zvinoratidza kutanga kwechikoro ichi mukuenzanisa nematafura akawedzerwa.

2. Hepatocytes pachiropa. Aya masero ane nuclei mbiri. Mumwe wavo anoronga kucheneswa kweropa kubva muhupfu, uye imwe iyo inokonzerwa nekuumbwa kwemavara, ayo mune ramangwana achava chikamu chehemoglobin yeropa.

3. Myocytes ematendekete akasiyana-siyana anotengesa. Masero emasumbu anokwana akawanda. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti ivo vanoshingairira kupindirana nekuparara kweAAT, pamwe neungano yeprotein.

Zvigadzirwa zvezvinhu zvenyukireya muprotozoa

Somuenzaniso, funga nezvemhando mbiri dzeprotozoa: infusoria uye amoeba.

1. Infusoria-shoe. Uyu mumiriri wezvisikwa zvinonzi unicellular ane nuclei: vegetative uye inogadzira. Nemhaka yokuti dzakasiyana mune zvose zviri zviviri uye maitiro, izvi zvinonzi nuclear nuclear.

Nheyo yezvinomera inobata hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwesero. Inoronga nzira dzekuita kwayo. Icho chinokonzera chinotora chikamu muchikamu chekuparadzanisa uye pakugadzirisa-chiito chepabonde, mune ruzivo rwemashoko inopatsanurana nevanhu vane mhando imwechete.

2. Amoeba. Vamiririri vatsva - dysenteric uye musumbo amoeba. Yokutanga inoreva vanhu vane utsinye, uye wechipiri ndiyo symbiont yakazara iyo inogara mumatumbo uye haina chakaipa. Nokuti dysenteric amoeba inoparadzanisawo mumatumbo, zvakakosha kusiyanisa izvi zviviri zvipenyu pakati pavo. Kuti uite izvi, shandisa chimwe chezvinhu zvombo zvenyukireya: amoeba dysenteric inogona kusvika kusvika kumakumbo mana, uye mumukumbo amoeba, kubva pa3 kusvika ku8.

Zvirwere

Zvizhinji zvezvirwere zvemagenesheni zvinosanganiswa nezvinetso mukutsvaga kromosomes. Heino urongwa hwezvinyorwa zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa mumakemikari emagetsi emukati:

• Down syndrome;
• Siddrum Patau;
• Edwards syndrome ;
• Klinefelter's syndrome;
• Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome.

Nhamba yacho inoramba ichienderera mberi, uye rimwe nerimwe rezvirwere rinopesana nenhamba yechirungu yemamwe ma chromosomes. Uyewo, zvirwere izvi zvinowanzokonzera zvepabonde X uye Y chromosomes.

Mhedziso

Ikosi inobatanidzwa basa rinokosha mukuita kwemaitiro esero. Inodzora nzira dzehupenyu, ndiyo yekuchengetwa kwemashoko ane nhaka. Kutakura zvinhu kubva muchitokisi, kubatana kwepuroteni kunobatanidzwawo nekushanda kweiyo iri pakati pekamuri sangano. Ndicho chinonzi nucleus mu biology.