Zvose zvinokonzera kusvibiswa kweglucose. Izvo zvinoshandisa glucose oxyidation

Muchikamu chino, tichaona kuti glucose inokonzerwa sei. Carbohydrates ndiwo mashizha e polyhydroxycarbonyl, pamwe chete nezvibereko zvavo. Zviratidzo zviratidzo - kuvapo kwema-aldehyde kana maketone uye nemapoka maviri e hydroxyl.

Nokugadzirwa kwayo makhahydrates akaparadzaniswa kuva monosaccharides, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides.

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides ndiyo yemafuta ehyhiqidhiritisi asingakwanisi kudiridzwa. Zvichienderana neboka ripi riripo mune zvakagadzirirwa - aldehyde kana ketone, inosara anldoses (izvi zvinosanganisira galactose, glucose, ribose) uye ketoses (ribulose, fructose).

Oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides ndiwo mahydrohydrates anobva kumadziro maviri kusvika gumi emasarasichadide akabatanidzwa ne-glycosidic bonds. Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwezvigaro zve monosaccharide, disaccharides, trisaccharides nezvimwewo zvakasiyana. Chii chinoitika kana glucose yakasanganiswa? Izvi zvichakurukurwa gare gare.

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides ndiwo mahydrohydrates ane masero gumi anopfuura monosaccharide akabatana pamwechete nezvisungo zveglycosidic. Kana iyo pirysaccharide yakafanana nemasara anonzi monosaccharide, inonzi homopolysaccharide (somuenzaniso, starch). Kana zvakasara zvakasiyana-siyana-ipapo heteropolysaccharide (semuenzaniso, heparin).

Iko kunorevei kweglucose oxidation?

Mabasa emakhahydrates muviri womunhu

Carbohydrate inoita mabasa anotevera:

1. Simba. Basa rinokosha zvikuru rekhakheni-yeridha, sezvavanoshumira sechinhu chikuru chemasimba mumuviri. Somugumisiro wekushandiswa kwawo, inopfuura hafu yezvinodiwa zvevanhu zvinosangana. Somugumisiro weakisii ye gramu imwe yemakhahydrates, 16.9 kJ yakasunungurwa.
2. Backup. Glycogen uye starch inzira yekuunganidza michina.
3. Structural. Cellulose uye mamwe maitiro emapolyacacriri anoumba zvakasimba mumiti. Uyewo, pamwe chete nemapidhe uye mapuroteni, ivo vari chikamu chezvinhu zvose zvemagetsi.
4. Kudzivirira. Nokuda kweacidic heteropolysaccharides, basa rekugadzirisa zvipenyu rinopiwa. Vanovhenekera zvisikwa zvezvibatanidza zvinosangana uye zvinoputirana, hutachiona hwemhino, uye chirwere chekudya.
5. Anticoagulant. I-carbohydrate, yakafanana ne heparin, ine zvinhu zvinokosha zvehupenyu, kureva, inodzivirira kuvhara ropa.
6. Carbohydrates ndiyo inokonzerwa nekakisi yakakosha yehuwandu hweprotein, lipids uye nucleic acids.

Nokuti mutumbi ndiyo inokonzerwa nemakhahydrates kune zvokudya zvegrobhahydrates - sucrose, starch, glucose, lactose). Glucose inogona kuumbwa mumuviri pachake kubva kumamino acids, glycerol, lactate uye pyruvate (gluconeogenesis).

Glycolysis

Glycolysis ndechimwe chezvinhu zvitatu zvinogona kuitika zveglucose oxidation. Muchiitiko ichi, simba rinobudiswa, iro rinozochengetwa muAtP neNADH. Chimwe chemaserolekari acho chinoputika kusvika mumamoreksi maviri e-pyruvate.

Iyo nzira ye glycolysis inoitika pasi pekuita kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zve enzymatic substances, kureva, zvinokonzera zvehupenyu. Iyo inonyanya kukosha ndeye oxygenzer, asi zvakakosha kuziva kuti chirongwa che glycolysis chinogona kuitwa musipo kwe okisijeni. Mhando yakadaro ye glycolysis inonzi anaerobic.

Glycolysis yevanaerobic rudzi rwekugadzirisa glucose oxidation. Ne glycolysis, glucose oxidation haitori zvachose. Nokudaro, panguva yekusvibiswa kweglucose, imwechete pyruvate molecule inoumbwa. Mune simba rekubatsira, anaerobic glycolysis haisi inobatsira kupfuura aerobic glycolysis. Zvisinei, kana okisijeni inopinda muchitokisi, anaerobic glycolysis inogona kuve inonzi aerobic glycolysis, iyo inogadziriswa yakakwana yeglucose.

Nzira ye glycolysis

Muchigadzirwa che glycolysis, kuparara kwechitanhatu-carbon glucose muviri miviri yematatu-carbon pyruvate inoitika. Zvose izvi zvinopatsanurwa muzvikamu zvishanu zvekugadzirira uye zvishanuzve, panguva iyo ATF inoshandisa simba.

Nokudaro, glycolysis inowedzera mumatanho maviri, rimwe nerimwe rayo rakakamurwa kuva zvikamu zvishanu.

Chikamu chekutanga chekuita glucose oxidation

• Nzvimbo yekutanga. Pakutanga rekutanga, glucose is phosphorylated. Kushanda kwe saccharide kunoitwa ne-phosphorylation pamusi wechitanhatu cheatoni.
• Chikamu chechipiri. Pane nzira yekuita isomerization ye glucose-6-phosphate. Panguva ino, glucose inoshandurwa kuva fructose-6-phosphate neicho chinokonzera phosphogluco isomerase.
• Chikamu chechitatu. Phosphorylation ye fructose-6-phosphate. Panguva ino, fructose-1,6-diphosphate (inonziwo aldolase) inobudiswa ne phosphofructokinase-1. Inobatanidzwa mukufambiswa kweboka re phosphoryl kubva kune adenosine triphosphate kune fructose molecule.
• Chikamu chechina. Panguva ino, aldolase inonamatwa. Somugumisiro, miviri miviri yekuisa phosphate, kunyanya ketoses uye yakakura, inoumbwa.
• Chikamu chechishanu. Isomerization ye triisophosphates. Panguva ino, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate inotumirwa kune zvikamu zvinotevera zveglucose cleavage. Muchiitiko ichi, dihydroxyacetone phosphate inoshandurwa kuva chimiro che glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Iyi shanduko inoitwa pasi pekuita kwe enzymes.
• Chikamu chechitanhatu. Iko kushandiswa kwehujidhi ye glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Panguva ino, iyo molecule inogadziriswa uye iyo inotevera phosphorylation kune diphosphoglycerate-1,3.
• Seventh yesero. Iyi danho rinosanganisira kutama kubva ku3-diphosphoglycerate yeboka re phosphate kusvika ADP. Muchigumisiro chokupedzisira chemukati uyu, 3-phosphoglycerate uye ATP zvinoumbwa.

Chikamu chechipiri - kuzadzisa kusvibiswa kweglucose

• Echitanhatu danho. Panguva ino, kuchinja kwe 3-phosphoglycerate kusvika 2-phosphoglycerate. Basa rekushandurwa rinoitwa pasi pekuita kwe enzyme, yakadai sephosphoglycerate mutase. Izvi zvinoshandiswa mumakemikari yeglucose oxidation zvinowanikwa nepo inosungirwa kuva magnesium (Mg).
• Chikamu chechipfumbamwe. Panguva ino, kupera simba kwe 2-phosphoglycerate kunowanikwa.
• Chegumi chikwata. Pane kutengesa kwepassphates, yakawanikwa semagumisiro ematanho akare, kuFEP uye ADP. Kuendeswa kune ADP ndiyo phosphoenepiroval. Izvozvo zvemakemikari zvinogona kuitika mukuvapo kwe magnesium (Mg) uye potassium (K) ions.

Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu anerobic, iyo yose inosvika paC ₂ uye H ₂ O. Glucose oxidation equation rinoratidzika seizvi:

C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 6 O ₂ → 6 CO ₂ + 6H ₂ O + 2880 kJ / mol.

Nokudaro, muchitokisi hapana kuunganidzwa kweNADH mukuita kwekugadzira lactate kubva paglucose. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nzira yakadai isanaerobic, uye inogona kuenderera mberi musipo kwe okisijeni. Iko oksijeni - yekupedzisira yekugashira electron, inoshandiswa kuNADH mumaketani ekufema.

Mune nzira yekuverenga simba rekushandiswa kweglycolytic reaction, inofanira kufungwa kuti imwe nhanho yechikamu chechipiri inodzokororwa kaviri. Kubva pane izvi zvinogona kugumiswa kuti mumutsara wokutanga ma-molecules anonzi ATP akaparara, uye panguva yechipiri 4 ATP molecules inoumbwa ne-phosphorylation ye substrate. Izvi zvinoreva kuti semugumisiro wekushandiswa kwema mole molecule ye glucose, sero inogadzirisa ma molecules maviri eAATP.

Takaongorora iyo yakasvibiswa yehuga ne oxygen.

Anaerobic nzira ye glucose oxidation

Aerobic oxidation ndiyo inogadziriswa, iyo simba rinosunungurwa uye rinoitika pamberi pekogijeni, iyo inoita seyakagamuchirwa kwekupedzisira yehydrojeni muketani yekupumha. Mupi wehydrogen molecules ndiyo inoderedzwa ye coenzymes (FADH2, NADH, NADPH), iyo inoumbwa munguva yekupindirana kunoitwa substrate oxidation.

Iyo nzira yeglucose oxidation yeaerobic dichotomous type ndiyo nzira huru yeglucose catabolism mumuviri womunhu. Ikoko glycolysis inogona kuitwa mumatumbu ese uye nhengo dzomuviri womunhu. Chigumisiro chekuita uku ndiko kukanganiswa kwemukoko weglucose kumvura uye carbon dioxide. Izvo zvakapiwa simba zvichawanikwa muAtP. Izvi zvinogona kugoverwa muzvikamu zvitatu:

1. Nzira yekushandura glucose molecule muviri we pyruvic acid molecules. Izvo zvinoitika zvinowanikwa muyero cytoplasm uye ndiyo nzira chaiyo yeglucose kuparara.
2. Iyo nzira yekuumbwa kweacetyl-coA semugumisiro wei oxidative decarboxylation ya pyruvic acid. Izvi zvinopinda mumagetsi emitochondria.
3. Kuchengetedza kwe-acetyl-CoA mumutambo weKrebs. Izvo zvinoitika zvinowanikwa mumagetsi emitochondria.

Pane imwe nhanho yemugadziriro iyi, kuderedza maitiro e-coenzymes anoumbwa, ayo anogadziriswa ne enzyme complexes yemhepo yekufema. Somugumisiro, ATP inoumbwa panguva yekusvibiswa kweglucose.

Kugadzirwa kwe coenzymes

Iyo coenzymes inoumba muchipiri uye chechitatu matanho e-aerobic glycolysis ichasanganiswa zvakananga mumitochondria yemasero. Mukufananidza, NADH, iyo yakaumbwa mu cytoplasm yesero panguva yekuita chikamu chekutanga che aerobic glycolysis, haikwanisi kupinda mukati memumakumbo emitochondria. Hydrogen inoshandiswa kubva kuCytoplasmic NADH kusvika kune imwe mitochondria yepamusasa kuburikidza nekuvhara mhepo. Pakati pezvinenge zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokwanisika kubvisa imwe huru-malate-aspartate.

Zvadaro, nekubatsirwa kweNADH ye cytoplasmic, oxaloacetate yakaderedzwa kuva marate, iyo inopinda mukati memharachondria yemasero uye iyo inoshandiswa nekuderedza mitochondrial NAD. Oxaloacetate inodzokera kune cytoplasm yesero mune maitiro e aspartate.

Maitiro akachinjwa e glycolysis

Kuyerera kweglycolysis kunogona kuwedzerwa kuendeswa nekusunungurwa kwe 1,3 uye 2,3-bisphosphoglycerates. Muchiitiko ichi, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate inogona kudzorerwa kune glycolysis purogiramu pasi pesimba rezvinhu zvinokonzerwa nehupenyu, uye ochinja maitiro ayo kusvika 3-phosphoglycerate. Aya maantimu anoita mabasa akasiyana-siyana. Somuenzaniso, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, iri muhemoglobin, inokurudzira kuchinja kwe okisijeni muzviviri, nekudaro kukurudzira kuparadzana uye kuderera muhukama hwemhepo uye masero matsvuku eropa.

Mhedziso

Mabhakitiriya akawanda anogona kuchinja maitiro e glycolysis pamatanho akasiyana-siyana. Muchiitiko ichi, zvinoita kuderedza nhamba yavo yose kana kuti kuchinja matanho aya semugumisiro wezviito zvezvinokonzera zvakasiyana-siyana zve enzyme. Dzimwe dzevanaerobes dzine kukwanisa kune dzimwe nzira dzokuputsa makhahydrates. Mazhinji e-thermophiles ane maviri eine glycolytic enzymes, kunyanya enolase uye pyruvate kinase.

Takabvunzurudza kuti huni hutano hweglucose mumuviri.