Ndiani ane dudziro ye "Munhu - mhuka yezvematongerwe enyika"?

Yakare yeGreece ndiyo yekugara kwefilosofi, zvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro evanhu uye mamwe masayendisiti, pasina izvo zvino zvakaoma kufungidzira nyika yedu. Munzvimbo yakaorera yeHerlas, pfungwa itsva nemafungiro ehurumende, vanhu, nharaunda yakaberekerwa ... Uye kunyanya kune zvose tinofanira kuonga nekuda kweiwo muzivi wenyanzvi Aristotle, ane zita rake pamwe naPlato naSocrates vanoziva kune mumwe nomumwe wedu. Zvaakaita mumunda wesayenzi yechisikigo, manzwiro, rhetoric, uzivi, tsika dzinogona kutaurwa nekusingaperi. Akati munhu munhu mhuka yezvematongerwo enyika. Kuti anzwisise izvo Aristotle aive nazvo mupfungwa, zvakakosha kuenda zvishoma zvakadzika mukudzidzisa kwake.

Aristotle: pfupi biography

"Munhu mhuka yezvematongerwe enyika ..." Aristotle, munyori weshoko iri, akararama uye akashanda munguva yekuyerera kukuru kweGirisi, muna 384-322. BC. E. Akaberekerwa muStagir, duku duku reGirisi pedyo nemuganhu weMacedonia. Akapedza nguva yakawanda yehupenyu hwake muAtene, kwaanogona kutora chikamu chekushingaira mune zvematongerwo enyika. Anozivikanwawo zvekuve mudzidzisi weAlexandro Mukuru, uyo akazotevera, apo kupandukira kwakatanga muAtene kupikisa vakuru vakuru veMacedonia, akatongerwa. Akanga ari mudzidzi waPlato, hukama hwakange husiri hwakafanana nevose hungadi, asi zvakawanda pane izvi gare gare. Aristotle akanyora magwaro anopfuura 150 nemabasa ezvesayenzi, kusanganisira "Metaphysics", "Politics", "Rhetoric." Pfungwa dzeAristotle panguva iyoyo dzaive dzakanyanyisa uye dzakanaka. Zvisinei, havasi kurasikirwa nehupenyu hwavo nhasi.

Kuita kwaPlato

Aristotle akadzidza paChikoro chePlato uye akanga ane ushamwari nemudzidzisi, kunze kwekukakavadzana kwechimwe chinhu. Plato akatsoropodza mafambiro eAistotle ekupfekedza, kuda kwake kuzvishongedza nekuzvitarisira, achifunga kuti hazvigamuchirwi kumudzidzi. Aristotle, iye pakutanga aive Platonist, munguva pfupi yakatanga kuhadzika zvimwe zvedzidziso dzePlato. Kusiyana kukuru kwemashoko avo kunonyanya kutaurwa pamusoro pemafungiro e "zvakanaka" mamiriro ezvinhu, mavambo ehurumende, basa remasimba, maitiro evanhu uye basa romunhu arimo. NdiAristotle uyo anonzi anotaura achiti: "Plato ndiye shamwari yangu, asi chokwadi chinonyanya kukosha." Ndizvo chete zvinyorwa zvesayenzi pamusoro pezvakabva mumhepo uye nyaya mudzidzi akatora zvachose kubva kumudzidzisi. Nokudaro, munhu anogona kufunga nezvekupesana uye kunyange kusada kwekanguva pakati pePlato naAristotle semamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, nokuti chinonyanya kukosha wefilosofi chinofanira kunge chiine chirevo "kunyunyuta", kureva, kubvunza mibvunzo, kunzwisisa nekudzokororazve izvo zvatove zviripo kutsvaga chokwadi. Izvo zvakanga zviri Plato uyo akabatsira mudzidzi wake wepamusoro kukudziridza muenzaniso wakasiyana kwazvo wehurumende nevanhu.

Ndiani anonzi Aristotle murume?

Kuti anzwisise rudzi rwemunhu raanotsanangura semhuka yezvematongerwo enyika Aristotle mumutauro wake "Zvematongerwe enyika", zvakakosha kuziva uyo Aristotle anowanzoonekwa somunhu uye asingaiti. Mumaguta ekare-mazano, kusanganisira muAtene, ¾ yevanhu vese vaiva varanda vakanga vasina kodzero dzevanhu. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti hakuna muzivi wechiGiriki wakaramba kudikanwa kweuranda, achifunga varanda kana vanhu "vaine chinangwa chekutonga". Kunze kweizvi, vatorwa uye vashandi havanawo kuonekwa sevagari vemo. Nokudaro, Aristotle, achitaura nezvechokwadi chokuti munhu mhuka yezvematongerwe enyika, inongoreva chete vatori vechikamu mujeri nemari yevanhu. Chinyorwa chiduku: Vakadziwo vakanga vasina kodzero dzakakwana dzevanhu, asi panguva imwe chete ivo vaiva chikamu chinokosha chevanhu.

Zvematongerwe enyika: tsanangudzo yeAristotle

Takaongorora pfungwa ye "munhu", munhu anogona kuenda kune tsanangudzo yemashoko "zvematongerwo enyika", "zvematongerwe enyika". Inymology yezwi iri chiGiriki, uye kubva pakutanga chaiyo vakatsanangura unyanzvi hwekutonga nyika. Zvematongerwe enyika zvinobva pashoko rokuti "marongerwo", kureva, guta muGreece yekare neyekunze kwemahara yekurima masimiro, mauto ayo uye hukama hwezvematongerwo enyika. Saizvozvowo, zvinhu zvose zveguta, misangano, kuvhota, mabasa ehurumende, izvo zvose zvinowanikwa pachena - ndezvematongerwo enyika. Mhuri uye nhau dzepachivande hazvibatanidzi munharaunda iyi. Aristotle akaparadzanisa zvitatu "zvakarurama" zvehurumende: madzimambo, aristocracy uye zvematongerwe enyika (hutongi hutongi). Politia yakanga iri nzira yakanakisisa kwaari, nokuti yakabatanidza upfumi hwehutongi, hutsika hwehutongi uye rusununguko rwehurumende. Nheyo dzenyika yakadaro "yakanaka" inofanira kuva yeuto (Cyprus neSparta yaiva yedzidziso yeAristotle mienzaniso inokosha). Izvi zvinoreva, "zvematongerwo enyika" mumutsara wemapapiro "munhu mhuka yezvematongerwo enyika" zvinoreva "vanhu vose, vakanaka, vanogara, vehurumende".

Sei munhu ari mhuka dzezvematongerwe enyika?

Uyu mutsara wakave wakakurumbira muHera reKuedza, apo yakanyorwa mumakamba ake naCharles Montesquieu - aifungidzirwa zvikuru wechiFrance uye wezvematongerwe enyika. Dzimwe nguva unogona kunzwa mazwi echiGiriki: zoon politikon. Kupfupisa zvese pamusoro apa, mutsara unoti "munhu-mhuka yezvematongerwe enyika" inofanira kunzwisiswa seyizvi: chete nekukurira munzanga yevanhu, munhu anogona kuumbwa semunhu. Kuve nekudzidziswa pakati pevanhu ndechidikanwa chepanyama chemunhu. Mukusakosha kwevanhu, munhu haagoni kudzidza zvidzidzo zvakakosha kuti zviitwe zvakanaka zvehurumende. Uye Aristotle akaisa kunaka kwehurumende zvikuru kwazvo muhukuru hwake hwehutsika.

Munguva yedu, kushevedza munhu mhuka haisi yakanaka kwazvo, asi Aristotle semudzidzisi wemasikirwo akachenjera anonzwisisa kuti mumunhu wese kune chirevo chehupenyu, uye izvi zvinowanzoitika. Uye munhu, kutevera mitemo yezvakasikwa, anofanira kurarama mu "mombe", asingatyi nenguva imwechete pfungwa yevanhu (!) Kukudzwa uye pfungwa dzakanaka.

Pfungwa yehurumende

Kutaura nezvehurumende, tine pfungwa mupfungwa yechiGiriki, iyo Aristotle (sokuti, zvechokwadi, Plato) inongoratidzira kwete chete kuchengetedza basa. Nyanzvi iyi yaifunga kuti chinangwa chehurumende ndechekuita kuti munhu afare (akaenzana, akaenzana mune zvemari) upenyu hwevanhu vese. Kuvapo kwemitemo uye kuchengetedza kwavo kunokanganisa munhu, uye nyika pachayo haisi chinhu kunze kwekukurukurirana kwemhuri, mhuri nemisha.

Chokwadi chinofadza

• Mudzimai waAristotle aiva Pifiada, nyanzvi yezvinyorwa uye an embryologist (basa risina kujairika kuvakadzi muGreece yekare). Mushure mekufa kwemudzimai wake, muzivi wekutanga akatanga kugara nemuranda wake, uye vakange vane mwanakomana.
• Aristotle, mushure mekufa kwemudzidzisi wake mukuru, akazarura chikoro chake - Lyceum.
• Alexander weMakedon achionga ruzivo akatumira Aristotle mabasa oumhizha kubva mundima dziri pasi.
• Zvinotendwa kuti muzivi ndiye aiva nyanzvi yekutanga. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, ndiye muvambi we meteorology uye psychology.
• Nokuda kwekuti hurumende yekuEurope ikozvino inokwanisa kuwana zvinyorwa zveAristotle, zvakakosha kuonga maArab, avo vakayemura pfungwa dzefilosofi uye vakashingaira kutevedzera mabasa ake.

Kukosha kweramangwana

Uyo ane dudziro yevanhu semhuka yezvematongerwe enyika akaita zvakawanda kuwedzera pfungwa dzezvematongerwe enyika kupfuura vese vadzidzisi uye nyanzvi dzemazana emakore anotevera. Yaiva Aristotle uyo akasarudza nzvimbo yevanhu munzanga uye nhengo yake, yakagadzirisa mabasa ehurumende, izvo zvinotarisirwa munyika dzakawanda dzemazuva ano, uye akavaka maitiro ehurumende-uye izvi zvose zviri mumamiriro ezvematongerwe enyika! "Nhungamiro" yeAristotle ichiri kuongororwa nevadzidzi vari yunivhesiti, anonyora zvinyorwa zvechiremba pamabasa ake, uye pfungwa dzake dzakafuridzirwa nemafungiro akadai akadai saTomas Aquinas, Marsilius wePadua uye Dante Alighieri. Aristotle inogona kutaurwa pasina kumira, uye isu zvino tava kuziva kuti ndeyeye shoko rokuti: "Munhu mhuka yezvematongerwe enyika." Munyori wemitauro yakawanda uye yakakurumbira masayenzi akafanirwa nemusoro weumwe wevanhu vakachenjera zvikuru munhoroondo yevanhu.