Gorosi - chii? Kukosha zvinomera muupenyu hwevanhu

Us kubva pauduku kujairana zviyo chirimwa ichi zvakadai segorosi. Chii gorosi, vose anoziva sei uye kuti pasina zvakaoma kufungidzira mumwe zvokudya murume ano. Nhasi isu kuchawedzera ruzivo rwavo wemakwenzi, tikanyatsoongorora ake maonero, kurimwa nzira, zvivako, uye zvakawanda.

General unhu

Gorosi, mapikicha kuti zvechokwadi inozivikanwa vose, ari mhando ezviyo-gore maviri one- kana. Furawa zvinobva gorosi, inoshandiswa kubikira breads uye chiedza kugadzirwa zvimwe zvokudya. Waste furawa Kugadzirwa anoenda kudyisa zvipfuwo uye yehuku. Mukuwedzera, mumakore achangopfuura zvavari kuwedzera kushandiswa sezvo maindasitiri mbishi zvinhu. Wonderful chirimwa gorosi ndiye aitungamirira nechipiriso chirimwa munyika dzakawanda, uye ane kiyi chokudya kuchamhembe China, dzimwe nzvimbo India uye Japan, munyika dzakawanda kuMiddle East neNorth Africa, uyewo pamapani South America.

The chikuru Mugadziri gorosi iri China, uye nzvimbo yechipiri inogarwa America. Ivo anoteverwa kwakadaro zvikuru kugadzira nyika: India, Russia, France, Canada, Ukraine, Turkey, Kazakhstan. The tsanga yegorosi kunokosha zvokurima vaitengeserana pose, nezvokuvandudzika kusvika 60% zviyo kunze kwenyika. Huru gorosi ekisipota America. Chinoteverwa Canada, France, Australia uye Argentina. Huru importers vari Russia, China, Japan, Egypt, Brazil, Poland, Italy, Korea, Iraq uye Morocco.

gorosi mhando nhamba zviuru uye ane nani kunzwisisa kupatsanura, asi mhando mbiri huru - zvakaoma uye munyoro. Soft mhando akakamurwa krasnozernye uye Belozernaya. Kazhinji, vari dzabudapo nyorovera munharaunda. Durum gorosi rakasanganiswa mune yakaoma ezvinhu, somuenzaniso, munzvimbo inowanzorimwa chinokurira. In Australia uye Western Europe kunyanya unobereka nyoro mhando. Munzvimbo dzakadai America, Canada, North Africa, West Asia, Argentina uye kunyika yaimbova Soviet Union - kunyanya rakaoma mhando.

bhayoroji

Tinoramba tinyatsoziva zvinomera gorosi. Chii gorosi kubva zvipenyu pfungwa maonero? Uyu mubvunzo unotevera zvakakodzera kupindura. Kufanana nevamwe zviyo, dzinde gorosi mashanga ane negomba nodes uye internodes. Mashizha vari nyore, Linear, kaviri-musara, mangwana. Mumwe nomumwe wavo paunobuda kubva raiva pedyo nebundu, uye rine mumuhara inotaura overlying interstitial saizvozvo ozeyewa chubhu uzoy uye refu ndiro. At muganhu pakati mundiro uye nyinyo zvitatu outgrowth: filmy Rurimi yakabatana hunde, uye peya kufukidza ayo fingerlike Tabs.

Top interstitial, rinonziwo peduncle, Inflorescence mabheya - remubatanidzwa Spike. Anosanganisira hwakakungwa nechepakati akabatana uye kuripa kubva ayo nyore Inflorescence - Spikelets kuti vanotarisana yakafara divi akabatana. At mumwe spikelet neeSultan maviri nemashanu ari chiutsi divi maruva, izvo akafukidzwa yepazasi parutivi peya nzeve flakes. Uyezve, vaviri nomumwe anodzivirira ruva bracts - vashoma gobvu yakaderera uye repamusoro matete flakes. Vamwe akasiyana gorosi ezasi ruvara chikero inoguma refu nomuzongoza. mhando yakadaro inonzi spinous.

Flowers gorosi, kazhinji zvepabonde nevarume uyewo nevakadzi. Vane Stamens matatu uye pistil akatakura feathery stigmas maviri. Pazasi parukungiso riri 2-3 duku flowered mafirimu (lodikuly) kuita mashandiro ari perianth. Panguva maruva lodikuly kuzvimba uye kukuvadza chikero dzakapoteredza ruva. Gorosi riri runonyanya kuzvipira pollinating chirimwa, asi pane rudzi uye muchinjikwa mukume. Mushure fertilization, ovary inokura kubva muchero duku dzakaoma - a weevil, iyo rakaitirwa yakafanira spikelet maruva pachikero.

Zviyo, kana sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi weevil - pericarp, aumba kubva rusvingo ovary iyo inokosha chokuita nembeu chete ane embryo uye endosperm. Embryo riri mujinga kurutivi zviyo, uye zvinosanganisira plumule, radicle uye pedyo ari endosperm reshaped cotyledon - nhovo. Kana embryo dzinowanda, musana anopa zvikuru midzi, gemmule - "mukuru" Midzi chirimwa chacho zvemuchadenga zvomukati uye nhoo secrete makemikari kuti kugaya pamusoro endosperm uye inoitisa zvinovaka muviri vayo davi, pakutanga kusvikira nguva kukura. Saka upenyu hwako hunotanga muduku gorosi. Photo, pasi apa, zvichabatsira kuti zvakanyatsojeka kunzwisisa maumbirwo kwayo zviyo.

Zviyo muvhu, absorbs mwando, unozvimba uye inokura. Gemmule embryo mudzi uye kukura uye kuwedzera kunze azvaitwa downwards uchikwira. Panyika pose, kubva pakutanga raiva pedyo nebundu culm aumba kubva plumule vatiitire adventitious Midzi kuti bazi uye kuumba mochkovuyu midzi. Nzvimbo hunde inofamba pamudzi inonzi mudzi mutsipa. Just pamusoro cervix, rezasi hunde nodes vari pedyo nepedyo. Kubva axils nemashizha vari kukura divi Matavi. Izvi anonzi tillering gorosi.

Panguva zvinorondedzerwa urongwa, muti unonzi kumera. Kwozouya kusunungurwa danho iri chubhu - nokukurumidza elongation uswa. Shure kwake ari earing - paumbwe inflorescences. Panguva earing, internode anoita nzeve 8-10 masendimita pamusoro topsheet.

Zviyo sezvarwakasvikira yokupedzisira kukura embryo uye chinosanganisira rizere mvura endosperm. Pakutanga endosperm segirazi. Kuwedzera starch kugutsikana, zvinova chena. Danho iri rinonzi lactic okusimba. Zviyo mwando zvinoderedza zvishoma zviri mariri rinova rwakaita Sticky mukanyiwa. Danho iri rinonzi wakisi okusimba. Pakupedzisira, apo zvakazara kuibva zviyo (kuibva zvazviri), zvinova zvakaoma.

ehupfumi

Saka, tatoona chii gorosi. Chii mhando zvakaoma uye munyoro, tinoziva. Ikozvino ngatitaurei pamusoro ehupfumi kuti tsika iyi awana yakafara chikumbiro chakadaro. Soft uye zvakaoma mhando, kune rumwe rutivi, vane zvakawanda zvakafanana, uye pamusoro mumwe - vane zvinoverengeka zvinokosha kusiyana kuti unofanira zvachose kufunga kana uchishandisa furawa. Maererano nevanyori venhau dzakaitika, kusiyana maviri Mhando mikuru gorosi tsanga anozivikanwa chekare uye vaRoma, uye zvichida kunyange yapfuura budiriro.

Furawa yaunganidzwa zvinyoronyoro gorosi vane manyoro uye vashoma guru zviyo starch, ine yakanaka uye crumbly kusachinja-chinja, uye rine zvimwe gluten absorbs mvura shoma. Izvi mhando hwakatsetseka awana kushanda mu kubikira confectionery. Bread hakuna kunaka, nekuti kubva ichi furawa zvigadzirwa nokukurumidza kuomesa uye chiwondomoke zvakaipa. Munzvimbo kukura nyoro hwakatsetseka chinokurira kazhinji chingwa chakabikwa kubva musanganiswa omunzvimbo akasiyana-siyana uye munyoro kupinza chikukutu.

The furawa akawana kubva durum gorosi, ane diki uye rakasimba starch granule, mumwe unaku yakaisvonaka, uye dzinoratidzwa kugutsikana kukuru gluten. Kudya uku kunonzi "simba" nokuti absorbs mvura yakawanda uye rinoshandiswa kubikira chingwa. Ndizvo nevakawanda rakavapo durum gorosi Pasta.

zvoupenyu chikumbiro

Kukosha gorosi upenyu hwomunhu yagara chinokosha. Kuwedzera zvokudya vanhu zvavakagoverwa nyama uye vamwe vasiri bota zvokudya, uwandu gorosi kuparadzwa navo uye nevamwe zviyo chiri phased kunze. Gorosi unoshandiswawo zvikuru sezvo zvipfuwo zvokudya. Uyezve, azvikuya unhu ayo anoita hapana zvainoita muviri kukosha. In America Somuenzaniso, zvokudya vakatanga kushandisa tsanga rose, kunyange yamboshandiswa kukuya tsvina.

Waste furawa Kugadzirwa zvokudya kune mombe kare. Waste rurefu zviri cellulose taipiwa kuti mombe uye mabhiza, uye pasi - yehuku uye nguruve. Gorosi bran anogara kukosheswa sezvo muviri kwokunwa zvokudya nhunzvi uye mhou pamuviri. Kare vakapiwa samabhiza, nokuda laxative ehupfumi. Nguruve ndezvinorondedzerwa duku bran, ane utachiona uye nokuomerera kwavari furawa. Most zvinobudirira kushandisa pamwechete hove kudya, mukaka ne-zvinhu uye vachiurayira dongo, ive chirungiso zvokudya zviyo. In yehuku, kunyanya broilers, kushandiswa azvikuya tsvina ichangobva akaderedzwa, nokuda kukura vakawanda nizkovoloknistyh migove.

Kubva puroteni huri gorosi tsanga, yakanga kutanga kuwana yavaibvisa glutamate. Zviri venhumbi runogonesa manakiro zvigadzirwa. MuJapan, yavaibvisa glutamate rave kushandiswa chaizvo kugadzirwa Sou sauces. Zvisinei, zvino, vakadzidza sei kubuda chete soybean.

Kutozosvikira munguva ichangopfuura, ari Zvakarurama kudzidza gorosi rakanga nechinangwa kunyanya kuwedzera wayo muviri ehupfumi. Laboratory zvidzidzo vakaona kuti gorosi gluten kunogona mbishi mashoko pagadzirwe mapurasitiki, fibers uye adhesives. Chinetso ndechokuti zvinhu izvi zviri vakawana vatete uye tiri nyore soluble nemvura, uye saka harumiririri dzokutengesa ukoshi.

Mumakore achangopfuura kwave kune tsika kuderedza kudyiwa ezvingwa ichiraramisa kufarira kudzidza non-tsika nzira yokushandisa gorosi. Saka, kubva furawa uchishandisa vavashandire, vakadzidza kuti "pakarepo" zvokudya-akafanana semolina, gluten kuti yakakwirira mapuroteni nechipiriso kuti kukurumidza kwamangwanani, gorosi starch inoshandiswa kusimbisa pepa. Uye gorosi utachiona, wakawanirwa ehupfumi zvakatendeka nekusimba, uye vose vakatanga kudya mbishi.

Namira uye viscous zvivako youpfu yave kushandiswa indasitiri. Furawa rinoshandiswa sechinhu chirungiso kuti kuchera zvinwiwa inoshandiswa oiri. Uye dzokubudisa yendarama kubva mhinduro, rinoshanda se flocculating mumiririri. Uyezve, furawa rinoshandiswa zvaAtemisi gypsum puranga kuti nani kunyorerana chicherwa zvikamu uye mapepa, uye anoshumirawo somutariri filler nokuda adhesives, isapinda plywood. Uye ichi ndicho chete rakajairika nzira kushandisa furawa gorosi indasitiri.

kupatsanura

Kubva zvoupfumi nemaonero, mutengo uri kure yose gorosi. The ukoshi kunobva yemiti. Unonyanya kunobatsira, uye naizvozvo vanhuwo vari vatatu mhando gorosi: zhizha / dzakapfavirira / zvakajairika, zvakaoma, uye plotnokolosaya / pfupi. Chokutanga mhando rapera munyika uye iri kunyanya kushandiswa kubikira indasitiri. The remakungwa chechipiri mhando rinoshandiswa kuti kugadzirwa Pasta, nokuti akapfuma gluten. kunovhengana uku mapuroteni, anoumba vakawanda namuka iyo richibatanidza tsime mukanyiwa uye anoramba mairi matema kuti carbon dioxide. Nemhaka gluten, mukanyiwa rinobuda, uye chingwa chiri kwazvo. Kana mukirabhu gorosi, furawa akaita kubva rinoshandiswa kunyanya kubikira crumbly.

Summer gorosi akaberekwa ari kupfuura akawanda. glumes varo vane kamu-kufanana nemamiriro chete pamusoro. Lower chikero maruva beardless. Solomin gorosi kwakadaro kazhinji mhango. Of zvipfupi gorosi vulgaris siyana elongated, unzenza kana chiine, dorsoventrally flattened nzeve. A pachena chinoratidza durum gorosi iri yakapinza anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri dzinongoda pamwe yose urefu nzeve flakes. Uyezve, kakawanda awned lemmas muchikero. Solomin durum gorosi, somunhu mutemo, hakusi wakakwana.

Gorosi mhando akakamurwa chitubu uye chando. Spring gorosi rapera inowanzobvunzwa munyika pamwe utsinye chaizvo yechando. Kunodzvarwa muchirimo. Winter gorosi chinodzwarwa kuwa uye aikohwa chirimo inotevera. Ichi ndicho mhando, sezvo kachitanga pamberi chando gorosi, akaramba vachifambirana nokukurumidza uye anopa yepamusoro goho.

ikoroji

Gorosi inokura zvakanaka mune zvakawanda okunze, uye vakarambwa anenge zvose nzvimbo yekurima, kunze kuti dzinopisa. Saka, kurima gorosi hwakura kose. Maererano kurwisa kune chando, izvozvo anorasikirwa chete bhari, mbatatisi uye vamwe zvadzinofura rekushongedzesa. Heat nokuti gorosi zvakare haana kutya, kutoti unobatanidzwa pamwe kumusoro mwando. Mukupera zvazvingava, tsanga vari kutambura nezvirwere zvakasiyana siyana, izvo akazoita profitability kuti kurima yavo.

Pasinei nokuti tsika iyi hakugoni kukura kwese, pane chikuru zvikamu zviviri, apo gorosi rapera kunyanya zvibereko. Chokutanga ndechokuti pakati 30 uye 55 madhigirii rwokumusoro Latitude, uye wechipiri - pakati 25 uye 40 madhigirii kumaodzanyemba Latitude. Annual kunayisa mu izvi munzvimbo Avharenji kubva 300 kusvika 1100 mm. The optimum kwemvura inonaya gohwo rakanaka 250-1000 mm pagore. gorosi kukura kunoitika muna tembiricha siyana kubva 3 kusvika 32 inegumi. Nokuda zvakare mangwanani kudyarwa, richi- kura mbesa vanogona kurwara, kunyange sezvo nokuda yapera (mu nyaya yechando gorosi).

Spring gorosi Kazhinji kudyarwa kubva March kusvika May, zvose zvinoenderana mamiriro ekunze yomunharaunda. Harvest vanotanga kuchenesa kana zviyo mwando anodonhedza kusvika 13%. Spring gorosi zvakazara dzinokura munzvimbo chando-vakasununguka mazuva anenge 100. Kana iwe bvisa pamberi, iwe uchava kushandisa kuomesa. A kuchenesa yakakwirira hwakazara kurasikirwa bhuku, sezvo overripe zviyo anotanga kuparara pasi.

Winter gorosi rapera kupfuura zvose kuti zvokudya. Kana outputs tinosvika kureba 15-20 cm zvigare rinotanga gorosi mumunda. Kana rinotevera gore pamwe chete munda akaronga kuunganidza mbeu, zvigare anomiswa kwenguva kuchinja muti iri kumicheto. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo America gorosi kudyarwa zvirimwa muchando bhinzi uye vasati maruva nokushandisa muchina wokucheka kuti silage uye uswa.

kugadzira

Gorosi zviyo ane brownish goko kuti apo kukuya achipa bran akapfuma mapuroteni, mavhitaminzi uye cellulose. Under pechifukidziro chiri aleurone rukoko zvinosanganisira granules yakanaka. Mudumbu avete mujinga zvezviyo, nezvi- mafuta, mapuroteni uye chicherwa zvinhu. Zvimwe zvose - mutete-firimu masero ari endosperm, ayo akazara starch zviyo uye gluten mukanyiwa chatinopiwa viscosity.

Panguva vachikuya - kwomudzimu pamusoro okutambirwa furawa gorosi, dambudziko ichibudira kuti kupatsanura starch uye gluten nemamwe zviyo zvinoriumba. Chokwadi ndechokuti pamusana furawa utachiona anova namuka uye nokukurumidza anodzima, asi nekuda aleurone rukoko payo anowana brownish tint. Yokunatswa akaumba furawa millers Waste - bran wakaisvonaka bran (Muchka). Ivo ranged kubva 15 kusvika 18% kurema yakanatswa mbeu.

Ingredients furawa

Gorosi, mapikicha izvo kazhinji Rinomiririrwa packs it hwakatsetseka, chinhu zviyo inokosha chaizvo. Rine yakawanda mavhitaminzi (boka B, choline, PP, E uye H), uyewo macro- uye microelements (calcium, potassium, magnesium, yavaibvisa, simbi, phosphorus, aruminiyamu, titanium, kuiisa chlorine, nickel, tini, molybdenum, chromium, Boron, zingi, selenium, uye vamwe). Saka, gorosi, vakanaka uye kukuvadza zvaizonzi zvishoma pazasi rine anenge ose chicherwa zvinhu zvakakodzera upenyu hwevanhu muviri.

furawa mhando

The furawa iri Classified kupinda zvidzidzo. Ngatikurukurei chimwe nechimwe chazvo.

The soro giredha. Hazvina chena ruvara uye rinoshandiswa kugadzira youpfu yakakwirira kugiredhi zvigadzirwa. Ekupedzisira vanopiwa porosity akanaka uye vhoriyamu zvakanaka. Hwakatsetseka akakwana nokuda chinopfupfuduka, mbiriso uye mukanyiwa.

giredhi First. Zvinogona kuva chena uye yellowish. It unonyatsokodzera kuita Pancakes, mabhanzi, nemakeke uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakabikwa. kwete pachii yepamusoro confectionery uye bhekari zvigadzirwa zvakadaro furawa.

Chikoro chechipiri. Ane chinyoro kana kuti grey tinge. Inobereka zvipembenene zvakasviba uye zvinotyisa. Shandisa upfu wegiredhi yechipiri kunyanya nezvechingwa chena uye zvabikwa zvakabikwa. Iyo yakanyanya kushandiswa yechipiri yegorosi yakabikwa yakabikwa mu gingerbread uye makiki.

Krupchatka. Chiedza chine mukana weupfu une ine huru yezana ye gluten. Yakashandiswa kuita mbiriso yekudya ine zvizhinji zve shuga uye mafuta. Inokodzera kuita muffin.

Coat. Inenge yakakura, inhomogeneous particles. Iine unhu hwakakwirira hwemhepo uye simba rekugadzira shuga. Inoshandiswa pakabika kunyanya tafura yemhando yechingwa.

Batsirwa nekukuvadza

Tatove tawana kuti gorosi chii. Chii chinopisa, isu tinoziva zvakare. Inongoramba ichinzwisisa chete zvinhu zvinobatsira uye zvinokuvadza zvehupfuu chaiwo.

Nhamba inokurudzira kukurumidza kwemasabolism, inosimudzira uropi uye inobereka estrogen, inochengetedza mhepo yehutano, inoderedza ngozi yehutu, uye inobatsirawo kurapwa kweasteoporosis uye chirwere cheAlzheimer. Zvimwe zviri muhutano hweupfu, kunatsiridza zvirwere zvinopisa mumumuviri womunhu, zvinodzivirira kuumbwa kwezvitsvaga zvinoshandiswa mukati maro, uye kuzvidzivirira kubva kune dzimwe zvirwere. Mushonga unobatsira mukurapa kwebronchitis uye chirwere cheputi.

Gorosi, iyo ine zvikomborero zvisingagoneki, ine zvimwe zvinetso. Iko kusakosha kukuru kwefuraji yegorosi ndiyo yakarori yehutano. Mukuwedzera, inogona kuwedzera kuwedzera kweropa uye inokonzera kugadzirisa kwehutano.