Macroevolution uye microevolution: Kufanana uye Kusawirirana

Macroevolution uye microevolution zvisingapindirani kuti pakutanga izwi anorondedzera kuchinja pane mhando sandara, uye wechipiri - supraspecific shanduka. Tsanangudzo idzi dzinonzi kusingarapiki kushanduka muviri zvipenyu, adaptively machisi akapoteredza ezvinhu.

Chii sei mashoko?

Pakurondedzera kusiyana tichitarisa "macroevolution" uye "microevolution" nayo nzvimbo inokosha kwakakura magetsi kwendangariro. Kufungwa nguva kunodiwa kuchinja zvinenge. Macroscopic zviratidzi ine vakawanda microprocessors.

Macroevolution uye microevolution - munhu zvinokatyamadza inoenda kwaita enderana mapoka:

• mapoka;
• kuzvara;
• Mhando kana madhipatimendi;
• mhuri.

Mumapoka izvi zvose pane fanano: vachibva chete nehurumende. Zvishoma nezvishoma achichinja kwezvakatipoteredza, ivo mutate uye vave dissimilar kune chepakutanga chimiro. Uye zvimwe nguva inopfuura, zvikuru kuoneka musiyano mukati rudzi.

Muitiro yemhindumupindu chinhu kusingarapiki Kuchinja zvepanyama Utachiona, zvichiita kuti paumbwe zvinotevera inoti:

• changed genetics;
• paumbwe kuchinjira kumamiriro ezvinhu matsva oupenyu;
• nokuumbwa itsva kwemarudzi;
• biogeocoenoses kutendeuka;
• kunyangarika hunotovapo rudzi;
• zvachinja biosphere yose.

Chii chakaita kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro kusiyana yematemu?

Kuchinja vagari nomumwe kwemarudzi kunotungamirira kuti pane macroevolution uye microevolution. Kusiyana tsanangudzo:

• Tsanangudzo yokutanga rinoshandiswa kutsanangura yose kuchinja chaivo. Izvi zvinosanganisira paumbwe nenzvimbo subspecies, asi haikwanise kutanga pasina microevolution.
• Global dzinotsanagura macroevolution kuripo vemakumi mazana emamiriyoni kwemakore. Nguva zvoutachiona zvachinja microevolution ndiyo zvemakore akare.

In dzidziso microevolution vaiona dzinotsanagura kwadzakabva chavagari kuti kuchinja mamiriro dzezvakatipoteredza.

Kazhinji pfungwa kukura mhando panguva imwe se macroevolution uye microevolution. Zvakafanana uye kusiyana huripo Dzidziso vanofanira generalize ari kudzidza parameters kukura mhuka.

Zvimwe nezvemarudzi maviri

Mumwe anogona kuona imwe nzira dzakadai dzidziso sezvo macroevolution uye microevolution. Tikaenzanisa nezvezvikwata zviviri kukura kunopa chikonzero kufunga nheyo wakaenzana kufunga chaivo shanduka. In aimbova nyaya, paumbwe achangobva dzakanyorwa genera, marudzi. A mutongo yechipiri yakafanana iri kuitwa Detective kunotouraya, kuvabereki vasakukurwa, yokutama zvipenyu.

Dzidziso macro- uye microevolution dzinobva pakusika imwe pfungwa maonero ari kudzidza kukura mhando runovabvumira uwane Kuongororwa refu kukura zvipenyu. Shoko rokuti "navamwe zvinhu" rinoshandiswa kuwana tsanangudzo mhando zvizere. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinhu kukanganisa shanduka:

• kuchinja rwizi kuyerera kunokonzera hove uye nezvimwe zvisikwa pasi pemvura kujairana nzvimbo itsva;
• pamusoro netsika ezvinhu shiri kupesvedzera kufamba pasi goko, apo paumbwe itsva wemakomo eJudhiya;
• Global kwepasi kunowedzera tembiricha mugungwa dzenzvimbo kuti upenyu sezvisikwa pemvura uye mhuka pamusoro mumakondinendi.

Kuchinjira itsva kwezvakatipoteredza, zvipenyu vanofanira mutate kuti microevolution pamwero.

Global kuchinja

Kuenzanisa pfungwa "macroevolution" uye "microevolution", tinogona kugumisa kuti mugumisiro kuchinja pose kunoenderana chine njodzi kuti kuitika panguva samolecular chechetere. Mumwe zvishoma nezvishoma rwuchibuda muitiro dzimwe nguva anogona kukura supermakroevolyutsiyu. Zvisinei, ichi chinhu refu zvikuru nguva.

In dzidziso macroevolution vari kufunga mitemo kukura makemikari nyika. unogona kuita zvakajeka uye generalized mufananidzo pamusoro shanduka kuchinja rudzi achishandisa Statistical mashoko. Zvakajeka delineated mikuru dzinokura mirayiridzo, riri nyore kuita kana kudzidza chete microevolution.

Mienzaniso zviitiko pose

Macroevolution dzidziso anokoshesa pezvakaitwa nokusingagumi mamiriyoni emakore. Izvi zvinosanganisira goho vertebrate zvisikwa panyika, kuchinja kubva munhu kufamba ose mana bipedal mamiriro kufamba. Zviitiko izvi zviri pamwe zvinokosha kuchinja zvose zvipenyu panguva Gene pamwero uye externally. Nokuti nokuumbwa zvitsva kwemarudzi nguva dzose mhando mbiri kukura kuitika: microevolution uye macroevolution. Zviitiko zvakafanana vavete chokwadi kuti chinhu chinokosha nokuumbwa itsva kwemarudzi uye subspecies anova dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa. Pamunenge muchikurukura vose kwemasayendisiti nenzira iyi kuzochera mukuru kugumisa pamusoro mifananidzo shanduka chinja.

zvemukati kuchinja

Macroevolution uye microevolution zviri dzitsigirane. Yokutanga yose muitiro unogona dzakachinja ne zvinhu zvinotevera:

• Genetic Kusiyanisa;
• nemagene variability ;
• Insulation pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu chinotungamirira chiito rwokuzvarwa vakasarudzwa.

Pfungwa microevolution kunosanganisira nyaya kuchinja mukati rudzi, kana vamwe vanhu vanova akakurumbira patemberi nokuda zvimwe zvinhu uye dzinoumba subspecies itsva. Kurerutsa kuti kupatsanura zviitiko uchishandisa hweBazi yemhindumupindu - vemo.

Microevolutionary pezvakaitwa vanogona ndifambire mberi voga nomunhu vanhu, voga kubva mubereki subspecies iri yoga mhuka. Saka anogona kuitika kana mumwe zvoutachiona munenge mhando iri huviri vakaparadzana mumwe hurumende.

Mienzaniso intraspecific zviitiko

By microevolution zvinosanganisira zvinotevera zviitiko:

• kwadzakabva of zvomudumbu ezvinhu nemakonzo kuti chepfu itsva uye mishonga (izvi ndizvo chaizvo kutsanya - makore mashomanana);
• Kuchinja majini mudziva rimwe rudzi, unonzi phyletic shanduka;
• microevolution anogona kuwanikwa siyana kwemarudzi: shiri uye zviremwaremwa ndiwo mapapiro, hove uye gungwa zvisikwa - the zvimbi uye gills, mune amphibians vakacherechedza vaviri;
• pezvakaitwa zvakafanana kunogona kuwanikwa mhuka aparadzana umwe ne hurongwa maitiro: gills vane hove uye Lobster kana gakanje, uye norwaivhi crickets Mbabvu akafanana ari mamiriro kusvikira mhuka nemazinzara nhuta;
• Makumbo yemhuka vanogara miti, zvakafanana marongerwo uye kushanda.

Nzira Kugadzirwa zvoutachiona kwemarudzi

Tsanangudzo "rudzi" kunosanganisira rakakura mazita zvivako:

• Vasiri, zvoutachiona uye physico-namakemikari parameters.
• Vanhu vane mukana zvichiberekana.
• Anokwanisa kuchinja zvimwe zvinhu zvakatipoteredza.
• Vanhu nenzvimbo imwe niche chuma zvokudya.

nzira dzekuziva kuti mhando kuongororwa zvinoshandiswa micro- uye macroevolution:

1. Morphological.
2. Vasiri.
3. Nemakemikari.
4. Genetic.
5. Geographic.
6. Environmental.

View rinoreva duku magene chikwata uye enzanisa nevanhu vanogara, kana mumwe munhu anokwanisa zvisangane nomumwe. Panguva iyoyo akatamisira chikamu zvipenyu remitemo kuti kuberekana. Izvi zvinoita dzinowanika.

Kushandura mhando raida ezvinhu akakodzera inomuka pasi pokudzora zviitiko: voga kubva kungatikanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, mitemo dzinongoitika selection, mutation uye kuchinja Wavy vanhu.