Dikidiki plastids - a inozivikanwa munyika zvinomera. Plastids: mamiriro, shanda

Mumwe mukuru kusiyana pakati chirimwa uye mhuka masero ari pamberi ari cytoplasm rokutanga organelles zvakadai plastids. Mamiriro, kunyanya metabolic dzavo pezvakaitwa, uyewo chloroplasts ukoshi chromoplasts uye leucoplasts ichakurukurwa munyaya ino.

The nemamiriro chloroplast

Green plastid mamiriro yatiri kuongorora ikozvino chokuita fanira organelles masero ose yepamusoro spore nembeu zvinomera. Vane dvuhmembrannymi muchitokisi organelles uye vari denderedzwa iri chimiro. nhamba yavo cytoplasm angava akasiyana. Somuenzaniso, masero columnar fodya shizha parenchyma ndiro ane kusvika zviuru chloroplasts ari dzakanzi bota chirimwa mhuri kubva 30 kusvika 50.

Both membranes tiri chikamu organelle, vane zvivako dzakasiyana: rokunze - mvere,-rukoko matatu, rakafanana Kamudzira vazhinji chirimwa masero. Internal unotora munhu muzvizhinji pazvirugu, inonzi lamellae. Izvi pedyo sandara pouches - thylakoids. The lamellae dzinoumba richikurukura inofambirana tubules. Pakati lamellae vari thylakoids-masero. Ivo aunganidzwa mu muzvikochikari - zviso zvinogona interconnected. Zvavo nhamba imwe chloroplast - 60-150. The yose mhango mukati rizere ine chizvaro pakati chloroplast.

Organelle ane zviratidzo kuzvionera: yayo nemagene zvinhu - dzeraundi DNA, naro chloroplasts anogona kuwanda. Uyewo pane namahwindo yokunze Kamudzira dzinojata ari organelle parutivi pezvakaitwa kuitika pasi cytoplasm. Chloroplasts vane ribosomes dzavo uye RNA mamorekuru uye tRNA, uye nokudaro, kukwanisa synthesize mapurotini.

mabasa thylakoids

Sezvambotaurwa, kune plastids zvirimwa masero - chloroplasts, ane kwavo sezvamunoita chaiyo flattened SACS anonzi thylakoids. Vakawana pigments - chlorophylls (anobatanidzwa photosynthesis) uye carotenoids (kushanda rutsigiro uye trophic shanda). Kune enzayemu hurongwa zvakare, maitiro anopa chiedza uye nerima chokutambudzika photosynthesis. Thylakoids basa sezvo antennas: anoonesa chiedza mwaranzi wovakumbira kuti munhu chlorophyll Morekuru.

Photosynthesis - huru chirongwa chloroplasts

masero Autotrophic vanokwanisa synthesize Organic zvinhu, kunyanya shuga, kushandisa, carbon dioxide uye chiedza simba. Green plastid basa izvo tiri kudzidza, uri chinokosha pamusoro phototrophic - zvipuka zvine masero akawanda Utachiona, yakadai se:

• yepamusoro spore miti (mosses, horsetails, tsvimbo mosses, ferns);
• mbeu (gymnosperms - gingovye, Conifers, efedrovye uye angiosperms kana maruva zvirimwa).

Photosynthesis - kwegadziriro oxidation-rutapudzo siyana, izvo kwakavakirwa Erekitironi kuchinjirwa muitiro kubva anyatsoronga zvinhu kuti kungatowedzera "muchinzwisisa" navo, saka anonzi acceptors.

Maitiro aya kutungamirira kwetunhu Organic zvinhu, kunyanya shuga, uye kuparadzana samolecular okisijeni. Chiedza chokutambudzika photosynthesis kunoitika pamusoro thylakoid membranes pasi zvinoitwa chiedza simba. The takabatikana photons fadza maerekitironi chiedza magnesium maatomu zviri mutema ruvara - chlorophyll.

The Erekitironi simba rinoshandiswa simba-unoparadza kwetunhu zvinhu ATP uye NADP-H2. Vakapamura muchitokisi kusvikira rima Pasika siyana kuitika chizvaro pakati chloroplast. The raora ava chakaita zvokugadzirwa siyana inoenda kuti paumbwe mamorekuru ose shuga, amino acids, glycerol uye mafuta acids, izvo vanoshumira sokuvaka masero uye trophic zvinhu.

marudzi plastids

Green plastid marongerwo uye mashandiro anoita izvo takawongorora kwokutanga, vari mashizha, madzinde, uye mitema handizvo chete mhando. Somuenzaniso, paganda muchero, ari petals kuti maruva nezvinomera dzokunze Mabutiro pevhu dzokumhanya - tubers uye Mabumba, pane dzimwe plastids. Dzinonzi chromoplasts kana leucoplasts.

Hauoneki organelles (leucoplasts) vane zvitarisiko zvakasiyana uye kusiyana chloroplasts kuti yemukati mhango yavo haina matete - lamella, uye uwandu thylakoids midzi muna chizvaro duku. Matrix pacharo unotora munhu deoxyribonucleic acid, puroteni-synthesizing organelles - ribosomes uye proteolytic makemikari kuti kuputsa mapurotini uye makabhohaidhiretsi.

Leucoplasts vari zvakare makemikari - synthetase pokuita paumbwe shuga mamorekuru ose starch. Naizvozvo Hauoneki plastids zvirimwa masero rinoungana yokutsiva zvinovaka muviri: mapuroteni pellets uye chibage starch. plastids Ndivo mashandiro anoita kuunganidza Organic zvinhu zvinogona kuva chromoplasts Somuenzaniso panguva ichiibvira pakati madomasi, mu padariro lactic okusimba.

Pasi kushanda pakuvheneka maikorosikopu ane mukuru chisarudzo, zvakajeka kuoneka kusiyana sechivako zvose zvitatu marudzi plastids. Izvi kunonyanya chokuita chloroplasts pamwe zvikuru kunzwisisa mamiriro chokuita mashandiro photosynthesis.

Chromoplasts - plastids ruvara

Pamwe girini uye Hauoneki mu chirimwa masero pane wechitatu maonero organelles anonzi chromoplasts. Vane akasiyana-siyana: tsvuku, nezvishava, zvitsvuku. Chimiro chavo akafanana leucoplasts: romukati Kamudzira ane vashoma lamellae uye vashoma thylakoids. Chromoplasts ane siyana pigments: xanthophylls, carotenes, carotenoids, hwebetsero photosynthetic zvinhu. Zviri plastids izvi zvinopa ruvara bhiti midzi, makarotsi, michero, miti yemichero uye michero.

Sezvo ikoko uye vashanduri wakashandurwa plastids

Leucoplasts, chromoplasts, chloroplasts - the plastids (marongerwo uye kushanda izvo tikadzidza), kuva nevakawanda mavambo. Ivo zvinobviswa meristematic (dzidzo) zvinyama, zvakatuswa kuumbwa protoplastidy - dvuhmembrannye sacciform organelles anosvika 1 micron. Muchiedza, ivo kuomesa nechivako kwayo: yomukati Kamudzira aumbwa ine lamellae, uye ari synthesized ne mitema ruvara chlorophyll. Protoplastidy vachiva chloroplasts. Leucoplasts vanogona mudzoke pasi zvinoitwa chiedza simba kuti girini plastids, ipapo chromoplasts. Nadzurudzo of plastid - ndiko kutanga kwakapararira munyika zvinomera.

Chromatophores sezvo vamutangira ose chloroplasts

Prokaryotic phototrophic zvinenge - green uye nezvishava utachiona, photosynthetic muitiro rinoitwa kushandisa A bacteriochlorophyll vane mamorekuru akaronga pamusoro yomukati cytoplasmic Kamudzira outgrowths. Microbiologists tenda chromatophores mabhakitiriya vamutangira plastids.

Izvi kunosimbiswa zvavo akafanana chloroplasts mamiriro, kureva pamberi kuita nzvimbo uye svetoulavlivayuschih hurongwa uye zvayo zvabuda photosynthesis, zvichiita kuti paumbwe Organic yeimwe. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti rezasi miti - green algae, uyewo prokaryotes, vane plastids. Izvi imhaka yokuti dzidzo hlorofillosoderzhaschie - chromatophores vakatora pamusoro mabasa avo - photosynthesis.

akaita sei chloroplasts

Pakati zhinji hypotheses yaigara plastid pfungwa symbiogenesis. Maererano pfungwa dzake, plastids - masero (chloroplasts) rakamuka Archean nguva nokuda kupinda chezvinhu muchitokisi heterotrophic phototrophic utachiona. Ivo vakabva zvakatungamirira kuti paumbwe mitema plastids.

In neKwayedza tikadzidza marongerwo uye mashandiro chirimwa sero organelles dvuhmembrannyh: leucoplasts, chloroplasts uye chromoplasts. Uye awane kukosha kwavo muchitokisi basa.