VomuAtene gutsaruzhinji pasi Pericles: zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira

Shoko "kusununguka" rinoshandurwa se "vanhu simba". In pfungwa mazuva ano ari yegutsaruzhinji vane kuenzana kwekodzero kuvanhu vose. Vakayenzana pamberi pomutemo, murume nomukadzi, wezvematongerwe enyika uye janita, vapfumi nevarombo, nomutorwa uye womunyika mamiriro.

Munguva dzekare, apo nyika yakanga kuri muna muranda ino, vanhuwo hope wakanyatsojeka. Zvino pfungwa "kusununguka" wakange siyanei hunhu. Most pedyo ano pfungwa rokuti pedyo vaAtene hweruzhinji pasi Pericles. Zvinonzi zita pashure pemakore kwake - The Age of Pericles.

Pericles

Pericles akaberekerwa mumhuri chakanaka. mai vake agarista wakabva zvikuru nomukurumbira muAtene pakusununguka - Alcmaeonidae, uye baba vake, Xanthippus, mutungamiri vaAtene rengarava, muHondo yeGirisi Persian aikunda hondo Cape Mycale.

Pericles aiva mwana ane utano uye simba, asi akanaka kuti disproportionately musoro guru kudana naye zvakaoma. Saka, zvose zviri Painters uye vavezi vemabwe vanoratidzwa mutongi chete ngowani. Uye kweizvi yokushaya comedies akapiwa zita remadunhurirwa rokuti "Lukovitsegolovy".

Sezvo Pericles vaiva mhuri paunhu, akanga vakadzidza zvakanaka uye aiva nevadzidzisi inozvikudza.

Excellent dzidzo uye kurovedza akaita basa rinokosha muupenyu Pericles. Aiva mutauri wakanaka uye kwagara kukwanisa kuwana pamusoro vanhu. Mumwe musiyano maitiro pakati mutungamiri vaAtene Demos aiva nemano chero mamiriro ezvinhu kuramba wakadzikama. Anozivikanwa nyaya, kana neumwe wezvizvarwa vasingagutsikani vakatevera Pericles, sypya kutukwa, zvose nzira kumba, asi mutongi akachenjera kwete chete kuranga mutadzi, asi akarayira muranda wake kuti aite huma kumba kwake.

Sezvo Pericles akava mutungamiriri vomuAtene utongi hwegutsaruzhinji

Basa rake kwakatanga Pericles rutsigiro rwemauto. Haana political basa nekuti akanga achitya kudzingisa nokuda nechitarisiko zvakafanana dzaro kurudyi kwokutanga Pisistartom mudzvinyiriri. Political vavengi vari kuedza munzira dzose kurerutsa simba rake, kazhinji Vakarodza vanhu kufunga nezvenyaya zvakafanana. inzwi uye tsika kutaura Pericles kusvikira mudzvinyiriri.

Nokuti panguva iyoyo muAtene haana kukodzera enyika (akanga afa, asi ruzhinji vakadzingwa), Pericles asi akasarudzirwa nzvimbo dzepamusoro. VomuAtene gutsaruzhinji pasi Pericles zvakakanganisa upenyu mutungamiri pachake, aifanira kusiya Nhaurirano revatongi hama uye misangano neshamwari vakakurumbira.

Pasinei vakawandisa vavengi revatongi webato, Pericles kusvikira pakuguma kwake, akabata democratic hurongwa.

Mamaneja tichida veAteni muzera Pericles

Democracy pasi Pericles, zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira, izvo unogona kuona nokuverenga nyaya ino kusvikira pakuguma, achiri kwete rudzi umo vanhu vakajaira pavakaiona nhasi.

Zvisinei, nokuuya kuna nesimba Pericles muAtene vagari akaonekwa zvikuru kodzero. Chinhu chikuru danho kurutivi hweruzhinji aiva abolition pakati ari kurambidza simba reAreyopago uye kuchinjwa kodzero dzayo kuti vanhu Assembly. Zvino munhuwo vagari vose nemakirasi nemijenya uye kuvhota, musangano, tora ose zvisarudzo zvinokosha. Archons - Executive miviri chete.

The National Assembly rinoumbwa zvose vagari Athens, kunze ndivo chete vanhuwo zvavo vanoramba kusiya nhaka yavo kuitira kuti zvematongerwo enyika.

Funga huru zviri vomuAtene gutsaruzhinji pasi Pericles, Aristotle akacherechedza.

Election varanda

Machinda gore negore kusarudzwa nevanhu vari vakawanda musangano. Tips, izvo zvinofanira kusanganisira phyla zvose, vanosarudzwa nokuswedera mijenya. Anel nomumwe anounza mashanu musarudzo, mumwe phyla saizvozvo waakaudzwa pritanov. Tucked sarudza nzvimbo musangano achava musangano, nyora pasi mibvunzo zuva nezuva vari paChidzidzo bhodhi musangano, uyewo kuvanda kusarudza vanhu vachange anokonzera hondo uye munyika yokuzvidzivirira. Pritanov chitsauko zvakare inorondedzera SWEDERA vakasarudzwa ane kuwana chezvipo, zvinyorwa zvose paruzhinji uye kudhindwa.

Tucked chete ngaagadze misangano mina musi ungano huru aitarisa legality of vakasarudzwa zviremera, vakakurukura chikafu kuchengeteka uye upfumi. On wechipiri inoongorora zvikumbiro uye mumatare. ReVanodzika rwechitatu norwechina vanofanira kufunga zvimwe zvinhu zvoupenyu National.

Council hunotendera archons nevamwe vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika, vakasarudzwa nokuda National Assembly.

VomuAtene gutsaruzhinji pasi Pericles, litigation

Dzeutongi zvakare kuwanikwa zvavo, izvo nguva dzose aripo chekutonga geliastov.

Kutaura sei rabovladelchiskaya gutsaruzhinji yakatanga pasi Pericles, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti simba kunyange zvakadaro rakamanikana nhungamiro, sezvo dare yakakamurwa pakati vakawanda vanhu.

Absolutely ose vomuAtene mugari aiva nekodzero mhosva anonyengera wezvematongerwe enyika, uyo akazviratidza pamberi vanhu Tribunal. Pashure pokukurukura iyi, kana mhosva vari yasimbiswa, mumwe yokutungamirira anofanira kubviswa pachigaro, uye zvichida kunyange ndokudzingwa, uye pfuma yake kutengeswa okisheni.

Kubva akakurumbira akatevedzana vakasarudzwa archons, kubatwa zvichemo mhuri (semuenzaniso, mwana kushungurudzwa, vasina vabereki) uye zvichemo pamusoro voruzhinji. Tiine kunochera pfumbamwe archons akasarudzwa mutongi.

The mhosva zvakakura zvakadai sokuponda, chikanyanya kukuvara nezvimwewo, vaionekwa vari paAreyopago, apo, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, zviri kuramba vakasangana chikamu vagari, izvo yekudyidzana akazoita zvinoita vaipomerwa kuti chiokomuhomwe vatongi.

Nheyo vomuAtene gutsaruzhinji pasi Pericles - kugoverana kudzora neimwe nzvimbo ehurumende mashandiro pakati mukuru nhamba vemunyika.

Social negwaro muzera Pericles

Pasinei kwavo kuva kwamachinda, Pericles akaedza nzira dzose kuti upenyu nyore vanhuwo zvavo. Nokusuma mutemo akabvumira kuti zvematongerwo enyika uye mubatirire zvinzvimbo kwete chete vanhu vanobva vapfumi mhuri, asi vagari nepakati uye makirasi murombo, mutungamiriri vaAtene Demos kunzwisisa kuti kugara kunetseka zvavo ezvinhu zvemari, vanhuwo zvavo havangagoni kuva akatendeseka uye kodzera kubatanidzwa hurumende. Naizvozvo, vagari vanodzivisa zvinzvimbo zvematongerwo bhora, kwakasarudzwa kuti mari kubva nehurumende muhomwe.

Uyewo vomuAtene gutsaruzhinji pasi Pericles akareva evanhu zvikomborero kutadzisa uye nherera. Low-mari vagari kuwana mubhadharo pamusoro kutenga matikiti kusvika yemitambo, izvo zvakabatsira chaizvo kuumba mafungiro vanhu.

Kuona vaAtene nyika uye basa

musoro akachenjera vaAtene Demos kunzwisisa kuti zvinakire vanhu zvakafanira kuvandudza kwete chinzvimbo mari rubatsiro, asi kupa mabasa pachena Vagari Athens. Pericles gore negore akaisa mberi pamwero mukuru zvaMambo nezvivakwa uye mamwe mabasa, achipa nzvimbo nyanzvi dzokugadzira siyana. Kuburikidza nzira iyi, Atene yakava muzinda wetsika, inozivikanwa zvivako ayo akanaka zvisingaitiki.

Isu yakanyatsoiswa zvose gore matanhatu Thier, umo zvokuchenesa aigona kunyora chero vomuAtene uye kugamuchira kubhadhara basa.

Kuwedzera miganhu Attica, kwakasarudzwa kumisa pamusoro mundima nhengo in vaAtene kwomubatanidzwa-cleruchy nemisha, apo chero mugari veAteni aigona kuwana munda kuti kugadzira.

Kufanana mimwe ezvinhu, gutsaruzhinji pasi Pericles aiva pluses uye minuses.

Pakati zvikanganiso kwake, vanyori venhau dzakaitika kuti vagari vari chete VaAtene avo vane vabereki vose vaiva vomuAtene citizenship.

Uye chokwadi, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kuita upenyu enyika munyika yacho dzekodzero havana.

Slaveholding gutsaruzhinji pasi Pericles (pfupi)

Achitaura nevanhu panguva, zvaisazova kusateerera mubvunzo youranda muAthens.

Hafu Athens chetyrehsottysyachnogo vemo aiva varanda. Kakawanda unconsenting vakava vasungwa vehondo, vakanga vasingakwanisi kuita pachake rudzikinuro. muranda chinzvimbo akanga nhaka, saka mwana akazvarwa muranda, kaizoenda zvinoitirwa sezvo vabereki vavo.

Zviratidzo hweruzhinji pasi Pericles ichionekwawo muuranda. The wehondo vairambidzwa zvakaipa varanda vavo. Muranda zvaifanira zvokudya uye akapfeka nani pane vaAtene varombo kirasi. Vaibvumirwa kupinda siyana mazororo echitendero, zvinopa chakasimba chekuchengetedzwa pamusoro utsinye vatongi uye vezvematongerwo enyika. Kana kushungurudzwa varanda unozvipiwa hupoteri.

The tsvina, musha uye basa rakaoma rinoitwa nevaranda. With mvumo varidzi varanda unokubatira neHurumende nokuda kuvakwa kwezvivako. Muranda aifanira kupa mari yake kuti muridzi.

Basa rakaoma vasungwa mumigodhi zvakaburitswa rabovladelchiskaya vomuAtene gutsaruzhinji pasi Pericles, nhoroondo tsaona izvi kazhinji aiva nemagumo anofadza.

Apo Pericles chikwereti uranda yakaguma, zvokuti baba aigona kutengesa muuranda vanasikana vake chete kana incrimination mu ndararama upenyu hwavo.

Mugumo rokutonga Pericles

Pericles akasarudza strategist kwemakore gumi nemashanu.

Pasinei nokuti kunobatsirawo hurumende vomuAtene gutsaruzhinji pasi Pericles, zviitiko kumwedzi, vakarondedzera kuti hondo pamwe Sparta, vasanyanya zvikuru nesimba zvachose strategist. Zvino vanhu, tichikanganwa zvinobatsira kuti zvakaunzwa kuti hurumende, pashure dzakatevedzana shure zvechiuto uye denda veAteni kuna Pericles mhosva dzose kukundikana uye embezzlement uye kugara rinorema yakaisvonaka. Pericles nokukurumidza akarwara nedenda uye akafa.