Kodzero yeveto, nhoroondo yaro nekushanda mumazuva edu

Iro shoko rokuti "veto" rinoreva kushandurwa kubva muchiLatini "Ini ndinorega". Ichi chinyorwa chisingatauriki, zvisinei, chakanyatsopinda mubhuku rezvenyanzvi rezvemitongi uye vezvematongerwo enyika. Zvinotendwa kuti kwekutanga kokutanga kodzero yeveto yakashandiswa muRoma yekare, panguva yeRiphabliki; Yakanga ichinziwo "tribune right". Vatongi - vagari venyika yeRoma, vakasarudzwa kubva kune plebs kuti vamiririre zvinodiwa nevagari vemo - vanogona kutora veto, kureva, kumanikidzira kurambidza, kubvisa zvisarudzo zvakapiwa neseneti kana magistrate. Kurambidzwa uku kwakanziwo kunyengeterera. Munhu chete uyo mitemo yake yakanga isingatenderwi nemiganhu yakadaro yaiva mutongi weRipublic.

Nokudaro, kodzero yekuti veto irambe kugamuchira chero mutemo wemutemo kana chisarudzo munzvimbo yezvematongerwe enyika inogamuchirwa nehurumende yakagamuchirwa, nedzimwe sangano rezvemitemo (munhu kana mutumbi), uye kuramba uku kwakakodzera. Munyika yezvematongerwo enyika, izvi zvinoreva simba rekugumisa, kusimudzira kana kurambidza mitemo uye zvisarudzo zvakagadzirirwa nehurumende inobatanidzwa. Simba rakadaro ringasarura kana rakakwana.

Mushure meRoma yekare, tsika yeveto yakanga isiri kushandiswa kusvika muzana remakore rechiXVII, kusvika pakuumbwa kwePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, kubatana kwenyika dzeLithuania nePoland. Mutemo we "Liberal Veto" (pamutauro wekusununguka wakasununguka, wakashandurwa kubva muchiLatini) wakapiwa muvhoti yepamusoro-soro yehurumende yeSeimas (Paramende). Ive Commonwealth yaitungamirirwa nemutemo weNihil novi (kureva Radom Constitution), maererano nezvakanga zvisingakwanisi kupa mitemo kunze kwemvumo yese yegentry. Nzvimbo yezvokudya yakasarudzwa neSeim yega yega kuti inomiririra zvinodiwa zvemuganhu wavo mairi. Sezvo nyika yaive ine hurumende mune zvisikwa, apo nzvimbo dzose dzakanga dzine kodzero dzakakodzana, tsika yakasimuka kuti ipe mukana wekudziviswa kune mumwe weparamende. Chisarudzo chacho chaifungidzirwa kugamuchirwa, apo nhengo dzose dzeSaima dzakaritsanangurira pasina. Zvinotendwa kuti kwekutanga kuPoland kodzero yeveto yakashandiswa muna 1669 nemumiriri weKiev, Adam Olizar.

Vavengi vePoland - Prussia neRussia - vakashandisa iyo nguva yemaitiro yaivapo mumutemo we Commonwealth. Vakaputira gentry avo vakashandisa simba ravo rekuvhota kuti vadzivise zvimwe zvisarudzo, uye naizvozvo zvakaderedza hutsinye hurumende. Muchikamu chekutanga chezana remakore rechi18, tsika iyi yakava tsika yezvikamu zveSejm, uye misangano yakakanganisa tisati yatanga. Izvi zvakapfuurira kusvika musi waMay 3, 1791, apo Mutangano weMakore mana weConstedate wakagamuchira Mutemo weNyika itsva, iyo yakasimbisa nheyo yekuita zvisarudzo nevhoti zhinji.

Zvisinei, iyo pachedu yekuyeuka mitemo kana kudzivisa kusarudza inoramba ichirarama mumitemo yenyika dzakawanda uye mukugadzirisa maitiro emasangano emunharaunda. Mune dzimwe nyika dzezvematongerwo enyika-dzeparamende, kodzero yemutungamiri weveto inotora.

Inogona kuva yakakwana (chirevo): munyaya iyi, mutungamiri ane kodzero yekupedzisira kuramba mutemo wakapfuura neparamende. Neshamwari (kushungurudza kana kusungurudza) veto, mutungamiri wega anodzivisa kupinda kwebhadharo kushanda, uye paramende ine kodzero yekuitora nevhoti yechipiri nehuwandu hunokwanisa (zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zveparamende mune imwe neimwe muUnited States neRussia). Kusarura kana kusarudza veto, mukuru wehurumende ane kodzero yekuramba zvinyorwa kana zvikamu zvemitemo nemabasa.

Kunyange zvazvo Charter yeUnited Nations isingatauri shoko pamusoro pokugadzirisa, iro kodzero inoshandiswa zvakashandiswa ipapo. Vane nhengo shanu dzekuchengetedzwa kweHarare Council - Russia, Britain, United States, France neChina - vane kodzero yekuvhota UN. Kubva pakutanga, kushandiswa kwechiito chekukanda chisarudzo cheUN pane nyika ine kodzero iyi kwakatungamirira kukanganisa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Semuenzaniso, UN Security Council haigoni kuita chero sarudzo inoshora mutemo weIsrael wekutora ndima, nezvimwe zvisarudzo zvinokosha, sezvo mumiriri wenyika achishandisa kodzero yeveto anoshandisa iyo kukanganisa kwemagazini iyi. Izvi, zvechokwadi, zvinokonzera kutsoropodzwa kwakanyanya kubva kune dzimwe nhengo dzeUnited States.