Ukraine: kare chiitiko. Nyika muUkraine: munhoroondo

Ndima Ukraine kuti igarwe nevanhu kare makore anenge 44.000. Pontic-reCaspian inowanzorimwa yaiva chiitiko chinokosha munhau yacho Bronze Age. Pano pane yokutama Indo-European marudzi. In Gungwa chete Black uye reCaspian steppes vanhu akapingudzwa bhiza.

Gare gare, muna muCrimea uye Dnieper akararama VaSitiya Sarmatians. Pakupedzisira, nyika aya inogarwa Slavs. Ivo akavaka Ages mamiriro Kievan Rus ', iro Zvaparara ari XII remakore. Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore XIV, magetsi Ukrainian nyika dzakanga yaitongwa matatu ravarwi ari Golden Horde, Mukuru Duchy pakati Lithuania uye Umambo wePolish. Gare gare, nharaunda yakakamurwa masimba akadai Krymskoe Hanstvo, Rzeczpospolita, yokuRussia Empire uye Austria-Hungary.

Muzana XX remakore paiva yakazvimirira Ukraine. Nhoroondo chidzoke munyika chinotanga kuedza pakusika UPR uye ZUNR States. Zvino yakaumbwa wokuUkraine SSR Soviet Union. Pakupedzisira, rusununguko Ukraine, kupupurirwa referendamu uye kuzivikanwa vomunyika dzakawanda akaziviswa muna 1991.

Nhoroondo yekare muUkraine

Archaeological Kucherwa anoratidza kuti Neanderthals vaigara kuchamhembe Black Sea Coast sezvo mangwanani sezvo 43-45 chemakore BC. In Crimea, vakaona zvinhu achidiwa kromanoltsam. Vari yomusi 32 zviuru zvemakore BC.

Panoperera iri neolithic ari wokuUkraine nyika ikoko Trypillian tsika. Parainge yakasvika pamakore 4500-3000 BC.

With veMubatanidzwa Resimbi Age kuburikidza steppes of Northern Sea Black akapfuura madzinza Dacian - madzitateguru Romanians ano. Ipapo marudzi anongofamba (Cimmerians, VaSitiya Sarmatians) inogarwa nyika Ukraine. Nhoroondo vemadzinza izvi zvinozivikanwa kwete chete nokuda matongo nzvimbo, asiwo kubva mumabhuku akanyorwa. About VaSitiya vanotaurwa Herodotus muzvinyorwa ake. VaGiriki inotangwa nyuchi avo Crimea ari VI remakore BC.

Zvadaro, musi kunharaunda Ukraine rakasvika Goths uye ari Huns. Izvi zvakaitika muna III-V emakore AD. Muzana remakore rechishanu paiva nemadzinza necheSalvic.

Muzana VII remakore ari wokuUkraine steppes pane mamiriro pakati Bulgars. Asi nokukurumidza akawira voga uye aingofunga ne Khazars. Izvi vanhu anongofamba kubva Central Asia, nheyo nyika, yaisanganisira mundima - West Kazakhstan, kuCaucasus, muCrimea, kuti Don inowanzorimwa uye kumabvazuva kweUkraine. Nhoroondo chidzoke uye kubudirira pakati ari Khazar Khanate hwakada chokuita basa paumbwe statehood kumabvazuva Slavs. Zvinozivikanwa kuti musoro Kagan vaiva machinda vokutanga Kievan.

Kievan Rus

Nhoroondo kuUkraine sehurumende, maererano vaongorori vakawanda, kutanga mugore 882. Ndipo apo Kiev yakakundwa Prince Oleg Khazars uye akava musimboti guru nzvimbo munyika. Mune kusaroora dzakanga dzakabatana yokururamisa drevlyans, Ulichi, White vokuCroatia uye mamwe madzinza necheSalvic. Oleg pachake, maererano chikuru historiography pfungwa yaiva munhuwo.

Muzana XI remakore Kievan Rus akava kupfuura munharaunda mamiriro Europe. Kumadokero manyuko iyoyo nyika vakanga vanowanzobatwa kuzivikanwa sezvo Ruthenia. Zita Ukraine itange anotaurwa zvinyorwa XII remakore. Zvinoreva "unopinza", "nyika".

Muzana XVI remakore, mepu rokutanga Ukraine ikoko. Pairi pasi zita iri vari akasarudzwa Kiev, Chernigov uye Pereyaslavl nyika.

Kuitwa Christianity uye kupwanya Russia

Vateveri vaKristu vepakutanga aonekwa Crimea panguva mudukusa IV remakore. ChiKristu akava chitendero kushandiswa Kievan Rus muna 988, panguva chirongwa Vladimira Velikogo. mutongi Wokutanga ehurumende akabhabhatidzwa naambuya vake, Princess Olga.

Paitonga Yaroslava Mudrogo chakagamuchirwa mitemo, inozivikanwa se "Russian Chokwadi". Yaiva nguva chemhando simba rezvematongerwo enyika pamusoro Kievan mamiriro. Pashure rufu yakaitika Jaroslav kupwanya kupinda yoga ichikosha Rus, kazhinji zvisingapindirani umwe umambo.

Vladimir Monomakh vakaedza kumutsiridza munhu centralized mamiriro, asi XII remakore Russia pakupedzisira unoora. Kiev uye Galicia-Volyn kwavabati vakava mundima idzodzo, gare gare yakabuda Ukraine. Nhoroondo panowanikwa Russia chinotanga kubuda paguta Suzdal, raiva enyika uye zvetsika muzinda okumusoro-okumabvazuva nyika Russian. Gare gare, guta guru ndima idzi vakava Moscow. In nechokuchamhembe weutungamiriri pakati Polotsk waiva muzinda pakavakirwa Belarusian rudzi yakaumbwa.

Muna 1240, Kiev akanga sacked nokuda eMongolia uye refu akarasika chero enyika simba.

Galicia-Volhynia

Nhoroondo panowanikwa mamiriro Ukraine, maererano mamwe masayendisiti, kunotangira XII remakore. Panguva iyoyo, sezvo kuchamhembe hugota kuwa pasi simba Golden Horde kumadokero vari vaviri akazvimirira Russian mamiriro rayo guru muna Galich uye Lodomir (zvino Vladimir-Volyn). Mushure shamwari dzavo akaumba Galicia-Volhynia. At yepamusoro simba rayo, nayo yaisanganisira wallachia uye Bessarabia uye vaikwanisa kuwana kweGungwa Dema.

Muna 1245, Pope Innocent IV korona Prince Daniil Galitsky akamubvumira musoro Mambo All Russia. Panguva iyoyo hugota akatungamirira yakaoma hondo eMongolia. Pakafa Daniila Galitskogo muna 1264 akanga anotsiviwa nomwanakomana wake Leo, uyo akatamira guru kuguta muLviv. Kusiyana nababa vake, avo vakaita enyika aifarira-Western Vector, akabva pamwe eMongolia, zvikurukuru, akaita ukama Nogai Khan. Pamwechete Tatar ake nevatsigiri Leo yakarwisa Poland. Muna 1280, iye akakunda Hungarians akatora chikamu Transcarpathia.

Pakafa Leo akatanga kunyura Galicia-Volyn kwavabati. Muna 1323 muhondo pamwe eMongolia vakauraya okupedzisira vamiririri bazi iri Rurik. Pashure paizvozvo, Volyn akauya kutongwa machinda Omani Gedeminovichey uye Galicia akawira pasi pokutonga Polish Crown.

Rzeczpospolita

Mushure Union of Lublin Ruthenian nyika yakava chikamu choUmambo kwePoland. Panguva iyi, nhoroondo kuUkraine sehurumende iri hwakakanganiswa, asi yakanga panguva ino akaumba Ukrainian rudzi. Kuzvipokanidza pakati Polish vaKaturike Rusyns Orthodox, zvishoma nezvishoma kwakaguma dzemadzinza kusawirirana.

Cossacks

Matanda vaifarira pakudzivirira kumiganhu yavo kumabvazuva hweOttoman Empire uye ayo vatongi vari pasi. Zvinangwa izvi, zviri zvakanaka wakanyatsokodzera Cossacks. Havana chete kuratidza vachirwisa kuti Crimean khans, asiwo muchirongwa hondo Commonwealth pamwe Moscow umambo.

Pasinei Military munorumbidzirweiko Cossacks, vanokudzwa Polish vakaramba vavape muduku chinokosha kuzvionera, achiedza pachinzvimbo kutendeutsa ruzhinji Ukrainian nevanhu munhare. Izvi zvakaita kuti kurwisana uye yokumukira.

Pakupedzisira, muna 1648 zvakatanga kusunungurwa hondo rinotungamirirwa Bohdan Khmelnytsky. History of Ukraine akapinda chitsva chenguva. Kunokonzerwa kumukirawo Hetman mamiriro akanga akapoteredzwa matatu ravarwi hweOttoman Empire, wePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth uye Muscovy. A nguva enyika achifambisa.

Muna ra1654 Zaporozhye Cossacks akapinda sungano Moscow chamber. Poland akaedza vavezve kudzora yakarasika ndima kuburikidza nokusaina pamwe Hetman Ivanom Vygovskim kondirakiti. Izvi zvakaguma hondo pakati Commonwealth uye Muscovy. It yakaguma nokusaina Andrusovo kondirakiti pasi iyo Hetman abve Moscow.

Pasi pokutonga Russian Empire uye Austria-Hungary

Nhau dzairamba rweUkraine, ane ndima yakakamurwa pakati penyika mbiri, akanga dzinoratidzwa kuwedzera National kuziva pakati vanyori vakadzidza.

Panguva iyi yokuRussia Empire pakupedzisira rinovhuna Krymskoe Hanstvo uye zvinotora pamusoro munharaunda yayo. Uyewo kunoitika zvikamu zvitatu Poland. Somugumisiro, vakawanda aro, ine Ukrainians, ndiyo chikamu Russia. Galicia chinoita kuti yeAustria mambo.

Vazhinji Russian vanyori, vemifananidzo uye vezvematongerwo enyika XVIII-XIX remakore aiva kuUkraine midzi. Zvezvisarudzo akakurumbira - Nikolai Gogol uye Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Munenge ose vepamusoro, kusafanana Russia yakanga Galicia kubva Austrians uye Poles, uye Ruthenians dzaiwanzova vanhuwo zvavo.

national rumutsiriro

Muzana XIX remakore kuEastern Europe akatanga gadziriro yetsika kumutsidzirwa dzavanhu vakanga pasi pesimba umambo makuru - the yeAustria, Russian uye hweOttoman. Handina kugara kutsauka nezveizvi uye Ukraine. Nhoroondo kwaita sangano rwenyika inotanga muna 1846 pamwe kuvambwa St. Cyril naMethodius Hama. Nhengo yesangano iri kusanganisira nyanduri Taras Dzhafarova. Gare gare, magariro-democratic uye echimurenga pati, aifarira-kuzvionera pamusoro Ukrainian nyika.

Around iyoyowo, muna 1848, muna Lviv akatanga kwayakaita "Supreme Ruthenian Council" - enyika wokutanga sangano Western Ukrainians. Kunyange zvazvo simba Russophile uye aifarira-Russian mafungiro ari Galician intelligentsia.

Saka, nhoroondo kuUkraine zvayo miganhu aripo rinotanga kuberekwa munyika nezvatinovavarira mapato ari pakati XIX remakore. Ivo akaumba dzematongerwe yeramangwana rakabatana mamiriro.

The First World War uye pakaparara umambo

Yakatanga muna 1914, kurwisana nezvombo zvakakonzera kuwa monarchies kukuru Europe. Vanhu kwemazana emakore akawanda akararama pasi pokutonga umambo simba, mukana kuona pachavo mugumo wavo.

November 20, 1917 Ukrainian vanhu Republic yakatangwa. A January 25, 1918 nayo akazivisa ayo rusununguko izere kubva Russia. Papera chinguva, iye akaputsa hweAustria-Hungary. Somugumisiro, November 13, 1918 West Ukrainian vanhu Republic akaziviswa. January 22, 1919 akabata kuzosanganazve of UPR uye ZUNR. Zvisinei, nhoroondo panowanikwa mamiriro Ukraine aiva kure zvakakwana. The simba idzva raiva pakati wehurumende uye ipapo hondo Soviet-Polish, uye somugumisiro akarasikirwa kwayo rusununguko.

SSR

Muna 1922 zvakanzi akasika Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, rwakazokura chikamu USSR. Sezvo pakatanga Soviet Union uye asati yakadhirika, izvozvo pokutanga wechipiri pakati chinoda hupfumi simba uye simba rezvematongerwe enyika.

Map rweUkraine iyi rakachinjwa kakawanda. Muna 1939 akanga adzokera Galicia uye Volyn. Muna 1940 - dzimwe nzvimbo vasati ndekwaMwari Romania, uye muna 1945 - Transcarpathia. Pakupedzisira, muna 1954 muUkraine zvakanzi yakatora Crimea. Ukuwo, Shahtinskii uye Taganrog nemaruwa zvakave muna 1924 muna Russia, uye muna 1940 Moldavian SSR akabva Transdniestria.

Pashure peHondo Yenyika II Ukrainian SSR akava mumwe UN dzakavamba nyika. Maererano migumisiro 1989 okuverengwa, yevagari reRepublic airatidza vanhu vanoda kusvika mamiriyoni 52 kusvika.

rusununguko

With kuparara Soviet Union muna 1991, Ukraine akava yakazvimirira mamiriro. Izvi pashure kuwedzera nyika tsitsi. January 21, 1990, zviuru mazana matatu Ukrainians akaronga ngetani evanhu kubva Kiev kuna Lviv kutsigira kuzvitonga. Vakanga vachishandisa mapato vane nyika-nyika nzvimbo. Ukraine yakava pamutemo akatsiva USSR uye Ukrainian vanhu Republic. The UNR hurumende vakatapwa kwaitanga akatamisira masimba ake kuna purezidhendi wokutanga Leonid Kravchuk.

Sezvaunogona kuona, nhoroondo kuUkraine kubva kare yave izere kukunda kukuru, risingaenzaniswi vakakurirwa, Ngwavaira zvinokudzwa, vanotyisa uye zvinonakidza nyaya.