Ndiani akazogadzira mabhomba bhambu? Nhoroondo maatomu bhomba

Ani naani akazogadzira mabhomba bhambu, kunyange kufungidzira akakonzerwa kuti kungaguma chinhu chinoshamisa michina yacho XX remakore. Asati superweapon ichi kwakaitirwa kuvagari vokuJapan maguta paHiroshima neNagasaki, zvaitwa yakareba chaizvo nzira.

mavambo

Muna April 1903, mubindu Paris akakurumbira yefizikisi shamwari dzake vakaungana France Paul Langevin. The chiitiko chaiva kwokudzivirira chinyorwa mwana uye unyanzvi masayendisiti Marii Kyuri. Pakati vanokudzwa vakakokwa aiva akakurumbira yefizikisi British Sir Ernest Rutherford. In pakati mafaro zvakanzi akadzimwa chiedza. Mariya Kyuri akazivisa zvose zvichaita kushamisa nhasi. With yakatarwa Per Kyuri akaita diki chubhu ine Radium munyu, izvo ichivhenekera kumusoro rwegirini, zvichikonzera hunoshamisa chipo kunomufadza. Papera vaenzi inopisa akataura nezveremangwana chiitiko ichi. All vakabvumirana pane pfungwa kuti nokuda Radium wakatsunga rikwanise dambudziko simba shoma. Zvose anofuridzira kutsvakurudza itsva uye zvimwe tariro. Zvino, kana vakaudzwa kuti murabhoritari basa pamwe radioactive zvinhu zvaizova mavambo XX remakore chombo zvinotyisa, zviri haizivikanwi chii yaizova kwavo kuita. Panguva iyoyo yakatanga nhoroondo mabhomba bhomba, dzikavauraya mazana ezviuru Japanese zvavo.

Game mberi munyonga

December 17, 1938 musayendisiti German Otto Gannom akagamuchirwa husingarambiki hwokuti ari kuora kuti uranium exchange madiki zvokutanga inoramba. Kutaura zvazviri, iye akakwanisa akatsemura atomu. Munyika mune zvesayenzi, zvakanzi sechinhu chiitiko chinokosha munhoroondo yevanhu. Otto Hahn haana kuudza enyika maonero enyika Third Reich. Saka, muna chete, muna 1938, musayendisiti kwakamanikidzwa kuna Stockholm, apo, pamwe Fridrihom Shtrassmanom akaramba tsvakurudzo ake dzesayenzi. Achityira kuti Nazi Germany kutanga kuwana chombo zvinotyisa, akanyora tsamba kuna President American nenyevero nezvazvo. Mashoko pamusoro zvaibvira adzivise kwakavhundutsa zvikuru hurumende US. America vakatanga kuita nokukurumidza uye zvokuita.

Ndiani akasika mabhomba bhambu? American purojekiti

Kunyange asati nokutambudzika Second World War, rimwe boka remasayendisiti American, vakawanda vacho vaiva vapoteri vaibva hurumende German-hwechiFascist muEurope, akapiwa kuva chombo yenyukireya. zvidzidzo Initial, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa, rwaiitwa muNazi Germany. Muna 1940, hurumende yeUnited States of America kutanga mari pachako chirongwa chacho kukudziridza mabhomba zvombo. Nokuti Implementation chirongwa kwave dzinounzwa Zvaifadza pakuverengwa vaya nguva muna maviri emadhora bhiriyoni nehafu. The Implementation ichi chakavanzika chirongwa kunoshamisa yefizikisi of XX remakore vakakokwa, pakati pavo anopfuura gumi Nobel laureates. In yose, zvakanga vanobatanidzwa vanenge zviuru 130 vashandi, pakati pavo vakanga vasiri vanhuwo zvavo chete nemauto asiwo. The budiriro chikwata inotungamirwa Colonel Leslie Richard yemiorivhi, foromani aiva Robert Oppenheimer. Ndiye - munhu akazogadzira mabhomba bhambu. chivakwa inokosha chakavanzika ouinjiniya yakavakwa muna Manhattan, iyo inozivikanwa kwatiri pasi bumbiro zita "Manhattan Project." Mumakore mashomanana akatevera, masayendisiti ave kushanda pakavanda purojekiti fission yenyukireya kuti uranium exchange uye plutonium.

Unpacific atomu Igor Kurchatova

Nhasi, mudzidzi wose achakwanisa kupindura mubvunzo uyo akazogadzira mabhomba bhomba kuti Soviet Union. Zvino, ari mangwanani 30-ies wekupedzisira remakore, hapana aiziva.

Muna 1932, Academician Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov mumwe zvidzidzo zviri mabhomba musimboti wekutanga anotanga munyika. Nokuunza wakadaro vanhu, Kurchatov muna 1937 pave cyclotron yokutanga muEurope. Zvegore, iye ake wakadaro vanhu nokusika wokutanga chakagadzirwa musimboti.

Muna 1939 I. V. Kurchatov otanga kudzidza pakutevedzera itsva - wefizikisi yenyukireya. Pashure kubudirira murabhoritari kudzidza ichi chinoshamisa musayendisiti anogamuchira panguva yayo dziripo muchivande tsvakurudzo centre, yainzi "Laboratory № 2". Nhasi Chivako ichi chakavanzika rinonzi "Arzamas-16."

The chipfuro nzvimbo muzinda uyu kwaiva kwakakomba kutsvakurudza uye kugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya. Zvino zvava pachena akasika mabhomba bhomba kuti Soviet Union. chikwata chake zvino yakanga vanhu chete gumi.

Mabhomba bhomba kuva

Pakazopera 1945, Igoryu Vasilevichu Kurchatovu kutarisira kuungana kwakakomba chikwata remasayendisiti vanhu vanopfuura zana. The yakanakisisa pfungwa dzakasiyana specializations kwesayenzi kupinda yezvirwere kubva munyika kuvaka zvombo zvenyukireya. Mushure Kudonha ari mabhomba bhomba musi Hiroshima vokuAmerica, masayendisiti Soviet akaziva kuti izvi zvinogona kuitwa pamwe Soviet Union. "Laboratory № 2" vakagamuchira kubva kurapa munyika unopinza kuwedzera mari uye vakawanda unyanzvi vashandi. Anokonzera chinokosha chirongwa vanzi Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beriya. Huge mabasa masayendisiti Soviet takatakura muchero.

Semipalatinsk

The mabhomba bhomba iri USSR yakatanga akaedzwa pamusoro bvunzo yacho iri Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan). August 29, 1949 yenyukireya zano inokwana 22 kilotons vakazunza Kazakh nyika. Nobel Prize-richakunda yefizikisi Otto Hants akati: "Aya mashoko akanaka. Kana Russia achava chombo yenyukireya, ipapo pachava hondo. " Ndicho ichi mabhomba bhomba iri USSR, sezvo encrypted chigadzirwa nhamba 501, kana kuti RDS-1, liquidated US anotambura zvombo zvenyukireya.

The mabhomba bhambu. 1945 ndipo

Mangwanani yaJuly 16, "The Manhattan Project" racho vabudirire muedzo wokutanga ane mabhomba mudziyo - mumwe plutonium bhomba - panguva nzvimbo Alamogordo US mamiriro New Mexico.

Money paakapiwa basa racho, kunge apedza. Wokutanga munhoroondo vanhu mabhomba kuputika yakaitwa maawa 5 uye maminitsi 30 mangwanani.

"Takaita basa radhiabhori," - akati gare gare Robert Oppenheimer - uyo akazogadzira mabhomba bhomba muUnited States, akazonzi ari "baba maatomu bhomba."

Japan haana kukanda mapfumo pasi

Pakazosvika nguva yokupedzisira uye vakabudirira kuidzwa maatomu bhomba, mauto eSoviet uye nevatsigiri pakupedzisira akakundwa Nazi Germany. Zvisinei, yakaramba iri kusaroora, izvo umbofanobata kurwira kutonga muna Pacific. Kubva pakati-April kusvikira pakati paJuly 1945, mauto eJapan akanga kakawanda kuitwa mhepo rinopamura kubudikidza batana nemauto, nokudaro vachikonzera inorema nezvinhu zviri US Army. Pakapera July 1945 hurumende Japanese echiuto vakaramba kwokudiwa of omubatanidzwa kupa sezvakatenderanwa Potsdam Declaration. Mariri, zvikurukuru, raiti kana wokusateerera, mauto eJapan akamirira akurumidze uye kwakakwana kuparadzwa.

President anobvumirana

Hurumende US akachengeta shoko rake uye kutanga kubhomba nangananga eJapan uto nzvimbo. Air njodzi haana kuuya kutsvakwa mugumisiro, uye US President Garri Trumen anosarudza nechisimba US mauto muJapan. Zvisinei, murayiro uto mwoyo mutungamiri wayo kubva chisarudzo chakadaro, dzichishandisa chokwadi chokuti American nechisimba kuti kunotoreva vakawanda vakaurayiwa.

Panguva pfungwa Genri Lyuisa L. Stimson uye Dwight David Eisenhower kwakasarudzwa kupfeka nzira anobudirira kugumisa hondo. A guru mutsigiri maatomu bhomba, purezidhendi weUnited States Secretary Dzheyms Frensis Birns, vaidavira kuti kubhomba mundima Japanese zvakajeka kugumisa hondo uye kuisa United States muna hukuru chinzvimbo, iro rine kubatsirawo iri mberi weboka pashure pehondo zviitiko zvenyika. Saka, US President Garri Trumena nechokwadi kuti ichi ndicho chete yakarurama kuzvipedza.

The mabhomba bhambu. Hiroshima

Sezvo rokutanga chipfuro kwave aisarudza guta duku Japanese pamusoro Hiroshima rine vanhu vanhu pfuurei 350 zviuru, chiri mukati mazana mashanu kure guru Japan Tokyo. Tasvika panguva US wengarava mujinga pachitsuwa Tinian dzakachinja B-29 bhomba "Enola Gay", maatomu bhomba paakagadzwa muchikepe ndege. Hiroshima aifanira kuona zvinoitwa 9 zviuru nepondo uranium exchange-235.

zvombo izvi kusvikira vasingazivikanwi akanga achida kuti zvavo muguta duku Japanese. Bhomba mukuru aiva Colonel Pol Uorfild Tibbets Jr. US mabhomba bhomba wakange zita yokutsoropodza. kuti "The Kid". Mangwanani August 6, 1945, maawa anenge 8 uye maminitsi 15, American "Kakomana" akadonhedza pamusoro Japanese Hiroshima. About 15 zviuru matani TNT kuparadza zvose upenyu mukati nharaunda ine mativi makiromita mashanu. vagari zana namakumi mana zvuru vakaurayiwa panyaya mumasekonzi. Vakapona Japanese akafa rufu runorwadza kubva nemwaranzi kurwara.

Vakaparadza American yenyukireya "The Kid." Zvisinei, kuparadza kwacho kuti Hiroshima haana kuti pakarepo Kuregwa Japan, sezvizvi, zvose zvaitarisirwa. Zvadaro kwakasarudzwa mumwe bombardment kwenharaunda Japanese.

Nagasaki. Sky moto

American mabhomba bhomba "Fat Man" paakagadzwa muchikepe ndege B-29 9 August 1945 zvose panzvimbo, panguva US wengarava chawo pa Tinian. Panguva ino, mukuru ndege akanga Major Charlz Suini. Pakutanga, inokosha chipfuro raiva guta Kokura.

Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu okunze haana kubvumira kuziva zvirongwa zvedu, kudziviswa makore makuru. Charlz Suini akaenda rechipiri kumativi. At 11 o'clock maminitsi 02 American yenyukireya "Fat Man" yakamedza Nagasaki. Yakanga zvikuru simba rokuparadza mhepo kurwisa, izvo neDare simba riri kanoverengeka kupfuura kubhomba pamusoro Hiroshima. Nagasaki vakasangana mabhomba chombo anenge 10 zviuru makirogiramu uye 22 kilotons pamusoro TNT.

Nzvimbo yomugariro guta Japanese akaderedza aitarisirwa kushanda. The ndechokuti guta iri riri nhete mupata pakati pamakomo. Naizvozvo, kuparadzwa 2.6 mativi makiromita havana buritsa zvose zvinobvira zvinogona zvombo American. The muedzo maatomu bhomba Nagasaki anonzi akatadza "Manhattan Project."

Japan mapfumo

Masikati musi waAugust 15, 1945 Emperor Hirohito akazivisa nyika yake mapfumo ari redhiyo kero vanhu Japan. The nhau akakurumidza kupararira kubudikidza nyika. MuUnited States yakatanga kupemberera kukunda Japan. Vanhu vakafara.

September 2, 1945 mune US yehondo "Missouri", midzi muTokyo Bay, akasaina chibvumirano kugumisa hondo. Saka kupera kupfuura utsinye uye kunokonzera kuteurwa kweropa rakawanda hondo munhau yevanhu.

dzakawanda refu makore matanhatu akaenda ichi dating chinokosha - kubva 1 September 1939, apo kwepfuti okutanga yakaidzwa Nazi Germany muPoland.

maatomu Yorugare

All muSoviet Union 124 zvenyukireya kuputika rwaiitwa. The maitiro ndechokuti vakatakurirwa kunze vabatsirwe reNational upfumi. nhatu chete vaiva tsaona kwakaguma leakage pamusoro radioactive zvinhu. Program nokuti kushandiswa renyukireya rugare chinozoiswa chete munyika mbiri - United States neSoviet Union. Renyukireya rugare anoziva uye mienzaniso yose dambudziko, kana musi April 26 1986 , musi chikwata yechina paChernobyl renyukireya reactor kuputika kwakaitika.