Financial okuchinja Witte: zvinokonzera, zvabuda

Financial kuchinja Witte aiva danho rinokosha kukura upfumi Russia muna rechi19 - mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Chakasimudzira akasimbisa Ruble, kwete chete nyika yedu asi munyika yose nokutanga zvayo wakasununguka kupanana goridhe. Chikonzero chaiva kusagadzikana pamusoro mari wemuTesitamende Russia pakupera remakore. Zvisinei, pashure pokunge "nokupora" pamusoro Ruble mukurumbira National upfumi akamuka substantially, zvichitungamirira kuwedzera mari uye inflow vemamwe guta.

zvikonzero

Financial kuchinja Witte kwakakonzerwa aifanira kusika hwega mari, iyo saka aida pakutanga kwezana remakore chakaitika chindingindingi neshamwari munyika yedu. Chokwadi kuti panguva zvinhu nguva kuRussia pasi pokudzora mikuru dzinoitwa upfumi nyika yakatanga kuonekwa makuru shamwari monopolistic, dzakadai cartels uye syndicates. For guru mari kwema zvinoda mari yakadaro, izvo zvaizoita vane kukosha guru zvemari.

Pakutanga hurumende akaedza kugadzirisa dambudziko pamwe nyaya dzinonzi dzimwe mapepa mari, asi hazvina kubatsira. Pakazopera zana remakore zvakava pachena vanofanira ataure goridhe mari. Financial kuchinja Witte vakatakura pamusoro West European womuenzaniso. Chokwadi chokuti yemandorokwati kwave akatanga munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope nokuda kwaita pamusika nyika imwe. Russia vobatanidzwa dzimwe zvokutengeserana uye, naizvozvo, uyewo ayo nevadiwa, yaida ane mari gadziriro zvakafanana.

chinangwa

Hurumende tsarist aifarira kuumba wokumwe mamiriro ezveupfumi munyika. Zvapedzisira ezvinhu ari kukanganiswa zvikuru ndechokuti Ruble, pasinei nokuti paiva convertible mari, zvisinei, haana simba zvakakwana kushumira vakaenzana exchange.

Foreign Entrepreneurs kakawanda uchizeza kutengesa masangano avo, sezvo zvakanga zvisiri kunotsigirwa nendarama. Financial kuchinja Witte akasikirwa dambudziko iri uye akaisa Ruble iri ndima pamwe European mari dzakabatana. Izvi kwaiva kukwezva yokumwe upfumi uye upfumi mudzimai upfumi.

regadziriro matanho

Financial zvinhu Witte, musi - 1897, dzakagadzirira nokuda vamutangira. Bunge uye Vyshnegradsky vainzwisisa neutera pepa mari hurongwa uye vakaedza kutsiva naro esimbi mureza. Vose vaida kuti epamba Ruble simba zvokuti iye kuti takasununguka kuchinjana kwete chete yesirivha, asiwo goridhe. Kuti vawane chinangwa ichi vakaisa basa kuumba dura ichi simbi anokosha, kuitisa protectionist policies, kuita dzimwe zvikwereti, uyewo vakaomerwa kupinzwa uye kuwedzera kunze kwenyika.

Saka, kunyange vasati vasvika Witte kusvikira pambiru gurukota rezvemari of National mari Gengi yave kudzikamiswa. Pakazosvika gore anochinja nehwemweya ndarama nyika yasvika anopfuura mamiriyoni 800 rubles. National Bank pasi Gurukota idzva sezvaari vavatorwa mari uye kumisa dzokufungidzira mabasa ari chikwereti Ruble.

"Improvement" hwenyika

The Implementation kuti zvinhu zvemari Witte aiva dzinongoitika kuenderera mutemo vamutangira, avo nezviito zvavo vane Kuda kutamba zvakasimba pamusoro Ruble uye kumira yokufungidzira. Saka, mamiriro ezvinhu ose anodiwa vakasikwa kuti pakatanga mureza goridhe. Muchengete iri simbi rinokosha, hwega Gengi, tsime-kuumbwa bhajeti, pave mudzimba uye vatorwa zvokutengeserana, yakazvimirira mudzimu Bazi Finance pave "apore" ari mumhuri zvoupfumi uye vane chikonzero azvinokwakuka mu maindasitiri kukura, iyo yakasvika Russia pakutanga World War First.

Treasury Policy

Sergey Yulevich Vitte kwemakore gumi uye vakabata pambiru panguva iyi kwakaita yakawanda. Nemhaka yake kuita akanga nokukurumidza njanji kuvaka, akasaina mari wezvokutengeserana chibvumirano ne Germany, akasuma waini chindingindingi, razova chinokosha tsime replenishment ose ehurumende bhajeti. Nokuda ake mari zvinhu Gold turnover yakawedzera hasha, asi nhamba zvezvimedu bepa dzakawira, izvo, chokwadi, akamutsa mukurumbira wokuRussia upfumi mumusika nyika.

Sergey Yulevich Vitte kubudirira "kuvandudzika" ari mudzimba mari ichaita kuti akanga akavimbika kusvikira pakutanga kweHondo Yenyika I muna 1914. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vazhinji vezera rake vakanga ndisingambofariri abolition iri bimetallic kuparadzirwa munyika, sezvo unorema vanhu vakatanga kuona kusachengeteka kukuru kuperevedza mari inokwana kuti aiva inokanganisa rokutenga kwavo simba.

yemandorokwati

Pfungwa iyi zvinoreva kuziva huru yendarama mari chinokosha uye chete nerokuti tsika. Kunakisa ino ndechokuti hazvisi pasi mitengo. Kana kuwa muna upfumi basa simbi iyi inokosha iri iiswe mumaoko vaairarama, kana mamiriro ezvinhu asina kugadzikana, akaiswa zvakare kupinda wechiGeorgian. Financial kuchinja Witte 1897 ainyanya zvinobatsira kuti pave vatorwa wezvokutengeserana uyewo kufambisa muripo kwema. Kutanga mureza nendarama chaizvo ndisingambofariri Varidzi uye vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata, asi Enterprise mudzimba bourgeoisie akatambira kurudziro itsva kukura muzvinhu zvakawanda nokuda aina zviyo, izvo zvakawedzera zveminda.

kutanga matanho

Financial zvinhu Witte, zvinokonzera zvakanga anokonzerwa kusagadzikana pamusoro mari ezvinhu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19, yakatanga mambo wokuti 1895, izvo akabvumira kubhadhara kutengeserana ndarama National mari kana zvikwereti manotsi vadzore. Zvisinei, idzva mari nemasangano vakanga chaizvo inononoka turnover. Naizvozvo, State Bank asarudza kutenga goridhe mari nemutengo wakanaka - 7 rubles 40 kopecks.

Zvapedzisira chiyero wakabatsira kudzikamisa reshiyo pakati pepa uye simbi mari dzakabatana. Muna 1897, hurumende yakasarudza ataure goridhe mari mu Russia. Mari simbi iri rakatanga yakagadzirwa kubva 1897. Wokutanga vavo vari mumasangano 5 uye 10 rubles. Vaberekawo imperials (15 rubles) uye poluimperialy, izvo chakaita kuti hafu kukosha kwavo. Zvisinei, anoratidza kuti vakawanda chavagari ichiri kudiwa bepa mari, sezvo ivo vari nyore kuramba ruoko.

migumisiro

Financial zvinhu Witte, migumisiro yaiva yose akanaka kwazvo mumhuri indasitiri, akanga agadzirira pakavanda, sezvo Developers ayo zvisina kunetseka pasina kuti pakaunda dare madenderedzwa uye yagara vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata. Zvisinei, chokwadi chokuti pakatanga mureza goridhe wakasimbisa nzvimbo Russian bourgeoisie, zvakakonzera kuwa muna mitengo okurima zvigadzirwa. Mushure kuchinja zvinhu initiators ayo nehasha akarwisa veruzhinji.

Zvisinei, Witte wechi kutsigirwa mambo uye rinokosha mari komiti uye akaita ayo kubvumirwa racho. Somugumisiro, mashoko Ruble yave kugadzikana, uye mudzimba mabhizimisi vakagamuchira kurudziro itsva kuti kukura. Nzvimbo yenyika upfumi pamusoro musika nyika akasimbisa, zvakauyiswa Russian indasitiri kuvandudza. Mumwe zvainovhiringidzawo ari kuchinja ndiko kuwedzera chikwereti reRussia nokuda kukwezvana vemamwe guru, asi mari nokukwereta rawa.

Mukuwedzera, mukufamba zvinhu kwakanga nokuwedzera pehurumende pfuma kuburikidza pakusikwa yendarama kuchengeterwa uye kutsvaka vaiva munjanji iri muhomwe. It vakabatsira kubudirira romubati bhajeti gwara Witte, uyo akaramba kuponesa voruzhinji mari. frugality ichi, iye vaishora zvemari basa, kutsigira kwebasa rinofanira guta iri kwemaindasitiri. Saka, mari kuchinja kwasimbisa Russian zvoupfumi uye zvakaita kuti nyika yakati chechetere.