Shongwe noblewoman - ndiani ichi? Matangiro uye zvinoreva izwi

Vakawanda mashoko ekare ngano vari vana ano kukonzera chete nokuvhiringidzika uye vakuru haisi zvachose pachena sei kutsanangura izvi kana kuti pfungwa. Somuenzaniso, kuti zvinoreva "vanokudzwa mbiru" zviri Pushkin kuti rengano? It vakabva shoko? Edza kunzwisisa.

Kwamachinda muRussia

In Kievan Rus yokuti "kwamachinda" hazvisati zvaitika. Sezvingatarisirwa, machinda dzimba kwatova, asi kubatana panhengo boyars uye retainers, pfungwa, aigona chero akasununguka. Seboka, kwamachinda akatora chimiro atova XV remakore XIII-Moscow muRussia. The chidzoke mukirasi iyi zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe gavhuna nenheyo pereosmotreniem.

Estates uye matunhu

In Muscovy mhando mbiri private nyika - patrimony uye wemunda. Fiefdom inonzi private nyika, iyo iri vakapfuura kusvikira kumarudzi namarudzi. Manor - nyika ino kwenguva pfupi kushandiswa, unopirwa basa refu ari rinoitirwa. Nezvokumutswa pakuwedzera mundima Moscow Russia, nokuda increment munyika kumaodzanyemba uye kumabvazuva kweSiberia, neminda akatonyanya, asi vanogona chete kuwanikwa pa basa ramambo.

mbiru

Earth, iyo inopa vanhu servicemen vakanga yakashongedzwa maererano nemitemo iyoyo inokosha mitemo - pembiru. Ivo mushandi mumwe nomumwe anogona kuwana kana paiva nyika yake, uye inofanira kodzero kana aiva kwayaizoitwa. Mazita zvakabvumirwa zvakanaka kazhinji, uye vakanga akaongorora uye ndohwechokwadi namambo. Naizvozvo mambo All Russia haana pfungwa pamusoro nhamba yevanhu vakavimbika kwaari, muridzi Estates. Kuti tisvike Pamazita ichi - hope mumwe Muranda, nokuti zvaireva kwete bedzi nyika yepasi, asiwo fungidzira kutarisirwa uye nyasha namambo.

The ndandanda yemazita varidzi Estates zvakanyorwa kubva kumusoro kusvikira pasi - "ari mbiru." Saka murume ainzi ari "mbiru" uye anonzi "mukuru vanokudzwa" uye "mbiru noblewoman." The rukudzo uye akataura pamusoro kuvapo panyika Holdings, uye chaiye nenyasha wamambo. Kupinda ndaviga "mbiru" kwaisava nyore.

Women noblewoman

Pakutanga chete varume wakawira "mbiru". Asi nokufamba kwenguva, kuti mazita vakanga ndaviga uye mazita vechikadzi. . Uye yokuti "mukuru vanokudzwa" Zvinoreva "vanokudzwa" rinoreva mavambo akanaka kana zvinobetsera muchato. Shoko rokuti "mukuru" rinoratidza kuvapo kometi uye kunyika yeropafadzo chinzvimbo.

Saka, shongwe noblewoman - mukadzi yemhuri yakanaka, mudzimai kana chirikadzi mushandi wevanhu, muridzi wemunda. Pakafa mushandi wehurumende, chirikadzi yake kodzero tiine Local Land "kugara", afa, munda wakanga vakadzokera Treasury, uye zvinogona kune mamwe makurukota-mbiru. Nyaya dzatongwa mudzimai kana mwanasikana ane pfuma anazvo pachake, zvakanga zvisinganyanyi kuitika. Kazhinji, kodzero iyi akanga chete mbiru noblewoman. pfuma iyi kazhinji kuwanikwa pasi chinokosha kudzivirirwa youmambo simba, uye kutengesa, the pawn kana kupfuudza mukadzi kugona kunyika.

Land kuchinja

Kuvhiringidzika pakati varidzi patrimonial nemakanzuru nyika yakanga nezvekumwe, ndinosika yakawanda kuzvuzvungudza uye nokutonga zvakaipa. Zvinofanira yakajekeswa kuti kutonga mumazuva iwayo kunyanya zvakaitika mhosva mutemo, uye ngetani zvisiri pamutemo mudare zvisarudzo pamusoro kuchinjwa omunzvimbo Estates nhaka, rendi kana kutengesa, vakapararira munyika yose. Nokuti kunyoreswa zviri pamutemo yezvakanga kwakabva, nyika kuchinja yakanga ashandiswe.

Land zvokuchinja kutanga XVI remakore equalized chinzvimbo yokuisira patrimonial uye nemakanzuru nyika. Pasitendi mhuri nezvizvarwa uye nenyika, iyo muridzi mumwe kana mumwe jendurumani kana gentlewoman shongwe - nyika ino, pasi mitemo chete. Chisarudzo ichi wakabatwa kuti vachanyoresa zvikuru Local nyika iyo, panongova kutaura, haana kuva dzawo varidzi. Saka, danda-vakuru nhaka wokuushe vakatanga - kodzero dzavo kunyika aigona chete kurasa pachavo. Sezvingatarisirwa, mumakore iwayo Yakakura nokusimbisa autocracy uye Imperial simba kwakachengetwa kodzero kutora nyika uye dzikisira wamambo.

zvabuda

Saka isu nechokuita rokuti "mbiru noblewoman." Zvinorehwa riri pamusoro - mumiririri kwamachinda, ane zita riri "danda-mazita" chamambo. Zvichida ndicho mwanasikana varanda vamambo chezita kana ake chirikadzi, shure zvakanga vakabvuma ne Local Land "yokuzvigadzirisa". Asi pashure kuitwa munyika zvinhu, shoko anotanga kubuda kushandiswa, uye akapotsa anorasikirwa zvarinoreva. A. S. Pushkin mu ngano yake kushandisa shoko iri kureva kwete chete makaro akwegura mukadzi, asi chido chake kuzivikanwa kuti rinokosha mambo pachake. Asi sei ndokuguma mukadzi makaro, aizivikanwa wose.