NecheSalvic inoti. Paumbwe necheSalvic inoti. Flags necheSalvic inoti

Nhoroondo inotaura kuti wokutanga necheSalvic mamiriro yakabuda munguva, yomusi V remakore BC. Around nguva ino, Slavs akatamira kune pamahombekombe Dnieper River. Zvakanga pano kuti vakanga huviri matavi dzakaitika: Eastern uye Balkan. madzinza Eastern vakagara pedyo Dnieper uye muBalkans - kunge muBalkan Peninsula. NecheSalvic inoti zviri dzinoitwa munyika nenzvimbo mundima huru kuEurope uye Asia. Peoples vanogara maari, vari kuva zvishoma akafanana mumwe, asi nevakawanda Midzi kuoneka zvose - kubva tsika uye mutauro kuti pari mufashoni rokuti zvakadai, sezvo mafungiro.

Mubvunzo panowanikwa statehood pakati Slavs kwemakore akawanda excites masayendisiti. Isa mberi yakawanda dzidziso, rimwe nerimwe arege kuine zvisingarambiki. Asi kuti kukwira pfungwa iyi, zvakakosha tinyatsoziva zvinenge inokosha.

Sezvo mamiriro akasimuka Slavs: nokufungidzira kuti Varangians

Kana isu kutaura nhoroondo statehood pakati Slavs yekare munzvimbo idzi, masayendisiti yemanyorero kuvimba maonero akawanda, izvo Ndingada funga. The inonyanya Shanduro zvino kuti apo yokutanga necheSalvic mamiriro, runoonekwa kuva Norman kana Varangian dzidziso. It yakabuda pakupera ari XVIII remakore muGermany. The havaoni uye pfungwa inspirers vaiva masayendisiti maviri German: Theophilus Siegfried Bayer (1694-1738) uye Gerhard Friedrich Müller (1705-1783).

Mukuona kwavo, nhoroondo necheSalvic inoti kana Norman ane Nordic midzi. mhedziso iyi pundits vakaita, kwazvo kudzidza "zvakaedza zvekare Years" - ari opus vekare wakasika nokuda mumongi Nestor. Pane zvechokwadi kubatana, yomusi 862, gore, chokwadi kuti rekare necheSalvic madzinza (krivichi, Chud uye vokuSlovenia) akadana munyika yavo muushe Varangian machinda. Ostensibly, ndaneta kusingaperi internecine kukakavara uye muvengi kurwiswa kubva kunze, mumwe madzinza necheSalvic shoma vakasarudza vabatane pasi utungamiriri Normans, vaionekwa panguva iyoyo kupfuura unyanzvi uye akabudirira Europe.

Mumazuva ekare kukura chero paruzhinji dzidzo uto chiitiko utungamiriri hwake aiva yepamusoro kunokosha kupfuura mune zveupfumi. Uye nesimba uye zvakaitika kuchamhembe vomuchitsuwa pasina mubvunzo. Dzavo rwisana Mauto akapinda zvinenge zvose kumativi Europe navanhu. Zvichida, inobva kubudirira kunyanya rechiuto, maererano Norman pfungwa, mashoko Slavs yekare ndokufunga kukoka kunyikadzimu kune Varangian machinda.

Nenzira, zita pacharo - Russia, zvichipomerwa vakauya chaizvo Norman machinda. Nestor sahwira pfungwa iyi zvakajeka chaizvo akaratidza mumutsara "... uye ndakawana hama nhatu pamwe nemhuri dzavo, uye pamwechete naye vakatora Rus zvose '. Zvisinei, shoko rapera iri akapoteredza, maererano dzakawanda dzekare, unomirira zvikuru kurwa kukupfura, mune mamwe mashoko - the nyanzvi muchiuto. Uyewo kucherechedza kuti vatungamiri Norman, sezvinoita mutemo, pakava kuparadzana zvakajeka pakati masangano uye nemauto pakutanga Generic yokuzviparadzanisa iyo dzimwe nguva chainzi "Kirch". Mune mamwe manzwi, zvinganzi vaifunga kuti machinda vatatu vakatamira kunyika Slavs, kwete chete pamwe kurwa squads, asiwo mukuru-mugiredhi mhuri. Sezvo ari kwakajairika hondo patrol vanomwe musingadi, chero zvodini, zviri pachena kuti mamiriro chacho. Norman machinda amarudzi vakagamuchira chikumbiro pamwe chakazara kukomba uye yakasimbiswa mangwanani necheSalvic inoti.

"Isu kupi vakaoneka Russian munyika"

Chimwe dzinonakidza pfungwa ndechokuti chaizvo pfungwa "VaViking" kwaireva muRussia yekare aiva nyanzvi muchiuto. Izvi inopupurira kamwe zvakare chokwadi chokuti Slavs vekare bheji chaipo muuto vatungamiriri. Maererano dzidziso masayendisiti German, iyo inobva mubhuku yaMakoronike Nestor, mumwe Varangian muchinda vakagara pedyo Lake Ladoga, uye wechipiri vagara pamahombekombe White Lake, wechitatu - muna Izoborsk. Pashure Zviito izvi, maererano sahwira, uye akaumba tanga necheSalvic inoti, uye nyika pamwe yakazozivikanwa seshanduro Russian nyika.

Uyezve muna Chronicle ake Nestor rinorondedzera nezveupenyu ngano pamusoro panowanikwa mhuri dzairamba youmambo Rurik. Yaiva Rurik, vabati necheSalvic rinoti, uye zvizvarwa kupfuura kunozivikanwa machinda vatatu. Vanogonawo kunzi kune wokutanga "enyika utungamiri vepamusoro" yekare necheSalvic inoti. Pakafa Zvimiso "kuvambwa baba", simba akapfuura rake chinotevera hama, Oleg, uyo kubudikidza wezvakashata uye pfumbamuromo akakunda Kiev, uye ipapo akabatana North uye South Russia mugomba kusaroora. Maererano Nestor kwakaita zvakaitika 882 fung gore. Sezvinogona kuoneka kubva zvinyorwa, mamiriro inotungamirwa kwakakonzerwa anobudirira "kuzvidzora kwokunze" VaViking.

Russian - ndiani ichi?

Zvisinei, masayendisiti dzichiri nharo pamusoro chaiye rupi vanhu saka ainzi. Norman dzidziso vateveri vanodavira kuti shoko "Rus" akabva Finnish shoko "ruotsi", iyo Finns dana yeSweden ari IX remakore. Interesting ndiyewo chokwadi kuti ruzhinji vamiriri Russian vaiva Byzantium vaiva Air mazita: Charles, Iengeld, Farlof, Veremund. Mazita aya ave zvakanyorwa zvibvumirano pamwe Byzantine Empire, yomusi 911- 944 makore. Uye vatongi Russia rokutanga vaiva nechokwadi Air mazita - Igor, Olga, Rurik.

Mumwe zvakakura nharo nyasha Norman dzidziso iri izvo necheSalvic wehurumende, kuonekwa Munongedzo wokuRussia ari dzokuMadokero "Bertinskih yenhau." Pane kunyanya yakati kuti-gore 839 Byzantine mambo akatuma nhume dzake vechiFrank bhururu Louis I. The nhume waisanganisira dzinomiririra "vanhu akakurira." Chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti Louis nevatungamiriri akasarudza kuti "Russia" - ndiyo yeSweden.

Mugore 950 gore fung pamusoro Byzantine Emperor Konstantin Bagryanorodny , mubhuku rake "On basa roUmambo," Akati vamwe yakakurumbira mazita Dnieper Rapids vari chete Air midzi. Pakupedzisira, vazhinji vafambi vaMuslim uye geographers mu opuses dzavo kungova IX-X emakore, zvakajeka vakaparadzana "tiers" of Slavs "Sakaliba". All nezveizvi, vakaungana, vakabatsirwa musayendisiti wokuGermany kuvaka inonzi Norman Pfungwa sei chero necheSalvic inoti.

Patriotic dzidziso kwakabva ehurumende

The chikuru ideologist rechipiri pfungwa iri musayendisiti wokuRussia Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. NecheSalvic dzidziso kwakabva ehurumende Anonziwo "autochthonous pfungwa." Kudzidza Norman pfungwa, Lomonosov akaona kutadza mune kufunga masayendisiti German pamusoro kutadza of Slavs kusvikira kuzvipira sangano, izvo zvakazoita kuti zvokunze kuzvidzora kubva Europe. A Patriot wechokwadi, MV Lomonosov akadana kupinda mubvunzo rose pfungwa, kusarudza kudzidza ichi nhoroondo chirahwe pachake. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvozvo akaumba anonzi dzidziso pamusoro necheSalvic kwakabva ehurumende kwakavakirwa kwakakwana Paakaramba chokwadi, "Norman."

Saka, chii vari chikuru pakaunda akatungamirira kutsigira zviri Slavs? The chikuru nharo ndechokuti okuti kuti zita "Rus" iri etymologically asina chokuita wekare Novgorod kana pamwe Ladoga. Rinoreva, asi kuna Ukraine (zvikurukuru, kuMiddle Dnieper). Sezvo uchapupu mazita ekare reservoirs raiva munharaunda - ros, Roos, Rostavitsa. Kudzidza reSiriya "Ecclesiastical History," rinoshandurwa Zachary aifambira, necheSalvic dzidziso vateveri akawana panotaurwa pamusoro vanhu akakudanai Hros kana "Rus". madzinza izvi vakagara chete kumaodzanyemba Kiev. Zvinyorwa akasikwa 555, gore. Nemamwe mashoko, zviitiko zvinorondedzerwa mairi, zvave refu asati Air.

Chimwe chakakomba kaunda-nharo anonzi uye hapana panotaurwa Russia iri rekare Odin sagas. Vakanga murwi chaizvo chaizvo, uye vari, chokwadi, kunobva zvose ngano urudzi ano Air nyika. Zvakaoma haana kubvumirana Mitsara avo dzekare vanoti kuti kanenge mukutanga chikamu kwekanguva nhoroondo sagas vanofanira risingamboshandisi nhau zviitiko. Air mazita senhume, vanovimba pamusoro vatsigiri Norman pfungwa, zvakare, mumwe zana muzana regai kutaridzwa rupi yokuisira. Maererano nevanyori venhau dzakaitika, kubva Swedish vamiririri aigona chaizvo inonyatsofananidzira wamachinda Russian munyika kure.

Kuongororwa Norman dzidziso

Manhenda uye kushuma pamusoro mamiriro ose Scandinavians. Chokwadi chokuti munguva iri mubvunzo, ari Air inoti sezvo vakadaro hariko. Chokwadi ichi chinoita kuti munhu wakanaka chitsama chokwadi kuti VaViking - ndiwo vatongi necheSalvic inoti vokutanga. Kunenge kuti vaenzi Air vatungamiriri, pasina kuongorora kuvakwa pachavo masimba aro, dzaironga chinhu mune dzimwe nyika.

Academician Boris Rybakov, kutaura kwakabva Norman pfungwa, akaratidza maonero ake pamusoro mukuru kukwanisa simba panguva dzekare vaitenda Somuenzaniso, kuti kuchinja namarudzi kanoverengeka dzimwe nyika pave preconditions kuti kukura ehurumende, uye kwemakumi emakore. Kutaura zvazviri, chirongwa inotungamirwa uye statehood hunogara kwemazana emakore. Huru zvenhoroondo hwaro pamusoro izvo German dzekare, unotambudzika kwazvo chinoshamisa mashoko okuti.

NecheSalvic inoti, maererano Nestor sahwira, yakaumbwa pamusoro emakore. Kazhinji, iye unoti havaoni uye simba, kutsiva pfungwa. Nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti kusabvumirana akadai akatsanangura rengano nemafungiro Nestor. Naizvozvo categorical dudziro rondedzero yake chaizvo negakava.

A-siyana nezvedzidziso

Chimwe dzidziso chinokosha pamusoro kwaita statehood muna Rus yekare inonzi Iranian-necheSalvic. Maererano naye, nenguva paumbwe okutanga anoti paiva pamatavi maviri Slavs. Mumwe, iyo yainzi Rus-Obodrits kana rugi, vaigara munyika yacho ano inoti. Mumwe vakagara Sea Black nharaunda uye akatora kwayakatangira kubva Iranian uye necheSalvic namarudzi. The convergence vaviri "shanduro" izvi kuvanhu, maererano nerondedzero, achasika chimwe necheSalvic mamiriro Rus.

Interesting pfungwa, izvo pashure kwaitsigirwa kune dzidziso zvinganaka Academician pamusoro NASU V. Sklyarenko. Maererano naye, ivo Novgorodians kuDare Varangians-Balts, izvo vainzi Rus kana Ruthenium. Shoko rokuti "Ruthenians" rinobva kuvanhu, mumwe kumarudzi Celtic, akatora mugove paumbwe necheSalvic dzinza pachitsuwa Rügen. Uyewo, maererano academician, panguva chaiyo iyoyo nguva kwatova Black Sea necheSalvic madzinza, ane vana vaiva Zaporozhye Cossacks. Dzidziso iyi inonzi - Celtic-necheSalvic.

Search kuti nzwisisa

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nguva nenguva pane zvokutengeserana-offs pakati dzidziso yacho necheSalvic mamiriro inotungamirwa. Zviri shanduro iyi yaida Russian wenhoroondo V. Klyuchevskii. Maererano naye, necheSalvic inoti akanga akavakirirwa kupfuura guta panguva. kuti nheyo ezvokutengeserana, maindasitiri uye masangano ezvematongerwo enyika. Uyezve, maererano nomunyori wenhau dzakaitika, paiva rose "munzvimbo dzomumaguta", izvo zvidiki inoti.

Second enyika uye mamiriro chimiro panguva ndivo kupfuura ngwizhingwi Norman kweutongi, anotaurwa Norman dzidziso. Maererano Kliuchevskoi, kureva kwemapazi simba dzomumaguta conglomerates uye idzodzo zvechiuto VaViking kwakaguma paumbwe necheSalvic inoti (6 giredhi chikoro panodana mamiriro iyi Kievan Rus '). dzidziso iyi, iyo vakasimbirira uye Ukrainian venhoroondo A. Efimenko uye I. Krypiakevych, rinonzi necheSalvic-Varangian. Zvinonzi zvimwe ngaadzokerane vamiririri Orthodox vose mirayiridzo.

Uyewo, Academician Vernadsky zvakare akabvunza Norman rakatanga Slavs. Maererano naye, paumbwe necheSalvic inoti vemadzinza kumabvazuva rinofanira munyaya "Rus" - the Kuban ano. Academician aidavira kuti Slavs akawana zita iri kubva yekare zita "Roksolana" kana chiedza Alans. Muna 60-ies ose XX remakore Ukrainian matongo DT Berezovets kunoburitsa kufunga Russ Alanian kwevanhu pallets. Nhasi, ndiwo pfungwa iyi ari kufunga uye Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.

Hapana boka redzinza yakadaro - Slavs

American muzvinafundo O.Pritsak zvinganaka yakasiyana zvachose shanduro chii ehurumende necheSalvic, uye chii - kwete. Hazvina kwakavakirwa chero pamusoro hypotheses uye ine musoro hwaro pachavo. Maererano Pritsak, Slavs sezvo vakadaro hariko pamusoro dzemadzinza uye nyika chikonzero. Nyika iyo yakaumbwa Kievan Rus, yave yokuchinja wezvokutengeserana uye ezvokutengeserana migwagwa pakati East uye West. vanhu vanogara kunzvimbo idzi dzaiva rudzi murwi-vatengesi uyo akapa kuchengeteka hwekutengeserana mapoka vamwe vatengesi, uye vakanga vakagadzirira nenzira yake mukwende.

Nemamwe mashoko, nhoroondo necheSalvic rinotaura kwakavakirwa vamwe zvokutengeserana uye uto nenzanga zvido vamiririri zvakasiyana dzavanhu. Ndicho kwetunhu muArabhu uye Pirates zvakanga zvadaro dzinza hwaro yemberi mamiriro. Zvikuru gakava pfungwa, kunyanya kana ukafunga kuti aisa mberi musayendisiti akararama munyika, ane nhoroondo anoenda haawanzotauri makore 200 shure.

Naro nehasha vanotsigira zhinji Russian uye Ukrainian dzekare, ane zita kunyange vakavhiringika pfungwa pachayo - "Volga -. Russian Khanate" Maererano vokuAmerica, raiva paumbwe rokutanga necheSalvic inoti (Grade 6 zvakaoma ane tinyatsoziva yakadaro vasingabvumirani dzidziso). Kunyange zvakadaro, iye ane kodzero huvepo uye akadana Khazar.

Brief Kievan Rus

Pashure pokuongorora ose dzidziso zvinova pachena kuti pakutanga zvakakomba necheSalvic mamiriro akanga Kievan Rus yakaumbwa kumativi IX remakore. Paumbwe simba iri kwakaitika nezvishoma. To 882 makore akabatanidza uye batanidza pasi rimwe simba glades Drevlyane, mashoko, dregovechey uye Polotsk. The Union of necheSalvic nyika Kunoonekwa kwemapazi Kiev uye Novgorod.

Pashure mukutora simba muKiev, Oleg akatanga wechipiri, mangwanani feudal padanho kugadzira Kievan Rus. Zvinotora chinoshingaira kubatana kwakaita wamboonekwa nzvimbo. Saka, muna 981, hurumende yakawedzera parutivi Eastern Slav nyika kusvikira San rwizi. The 992-M dzakakundwa uye Croatian nyika avete vose mujinga ari Carpathians. By 1054 simba Kiev yapararira kusvika ose dzokuMabvazuva madzinza necheSalvic, uye guta racho rakava zvingazikanwa "mai maguta Russian."

Zvinofadza kuti atova yechipiri yezana XI remakore, hurumende yakatanga dziparare kupinda yoga zvemisoro. Zvisinei, iyi haana kugara kwenguva refu, uye pamberi vanhuwo ngozi kumeso izvi nemiitiro Polovtsian amira. Asi gare gare, nokuda vawedzere feudal nzvimbo uye kuwedzera kurwa simba kwamachinda, Kievan Rus achiri inowira fiefdoms. Muna 1132 vakatanga nguva feudal kusabatana. mamiriro ezvinhu aya, sezvo tichiziva, akavapo kusvikira Epiphany All Russia. Pfungwa kusaroora vava nevakawanda zvino.

Chirevo necheSalvic inoti

Mazuva ano maSlavic nyika dzakasiyana kwazvo. Ivo vanoremekedzwa kwete chete nerudzi kana mutauro, asiwo nehurongwa hwehurumende, nehuwandu hwekuda nyika, uye nehuwandu hwekusimudzira hupfumi. Kunyange zvakadaro, zviri nyore kuti vaSlav vanzwisisane - zvose zvakafanana, midzi inodzokera kumashure kwemazana emakore inoita mafungiro avo avo vose vanozivikanwa "masayendisiti" masayendisiti vanoramba, asi masayendisiti uye vanodzidza nezvepfungwa vanozvitaura nechivimbo pamusoro pazvo.

Pashure pezvose, kunyange kana iwe wakatarisa mapuranga emaSlavic, iwe unogona kuona dzimwe nguva uye kufanana kwepara palette. Pane chinhu chakadaro - pan-Slavic mavara. Kwenguva yekutanga ivo vakataurirwa pamusoro pemagumo ezana remakore rechi19 pa First Slavic Congress muPrague. Vanotsigira pfungwa yekubatanidza vose vaSlav vakagadzirirwa kutora tricolor nemitsetse yakaenzana yakananga yebhuruu, yakachena uye yakatsvuka semirairi yavo. Zvinopesana kuti muyero wevatengesi vemabhizimisi vokuRussia wakashanda semuenzaniso. Kunyangwe izvi zviri chaizvoizvo - zvakaoma kwazvo kuratidza, asi mapegi eSlavic anowanzosiyana mune zviduku zvishoma, kwete mumushamba wemuvara.