Uighur Khanate: nhoroondo, nguva wenyama, disintegration

Kwemazana emakore, nhoroondo unoziva zvakawanda rinoti, kusiyaniswa kwaro ichatonga zvine mbiri UKURU uye simba rehondo, asi rakafanana renyika pamusaka ivavo kana zvimwe vavariro zvikonzero. Vamwe yakanyura kupinda yokukanganwa, vachisiya pasina zvisaririra nemamwe ndangariro Akachengetedzwa muMagwaro zvekare. Mumwe ava Uighur Khanate, izvo akavapo pamusoro munharaunda Central Asia muna VIII-IX emakore.

Vanhu "zvingoro mukuru"

Kare kare muna Central Asia akazviratidza Uighur Khanate, akapinda dzokumaruwa mubatanidzwa yaizivikanwa mu China. Kutaurwa nezvazvo yokutanga inowanika akanyorwa zvinyorwa hweKudenga Empire, vakasikwa IV remakore. Ndivo Uyghurs akasarudzwa izwi, sezvakataura "gaogyuy", iro rinoreva "ngoro akareba".

Zita iri vakanwisa kwavo tsika kutamira mhiri inowanzorimwa mu mapepa dzakakwirira nemavhiri. Chinese venhoroondo akarondedzera Uighurs sechinhu undersized, asi simba zvikuru uye akaomarara vanhu, kusiyaniswa akanyanyisa utsinye uye makaro. Zvakanzi yakataurawo unyanzvi hwavo horsemanship uye ive uta.

Kuumbwa imwe Khanate itsva

Ndima inogarwa amarudzi Uighur Khanate, kana, mune mamwe mazwi, Khanate, yakabuda pakati VIII remakore, muzana remakore rapfuura, paiva nevamwe mangwanani-anongofamba dzidzo matatu. Wokutanga ava Khanate, makasimbiswa mugore 323 muna Khangai wemakomo eJudhiya, riri panyika kungova Mongolia ano.

Zvaakanga aripo nokuti hapana anopfuura 200 nemakore, akapa nzira kune wechipiri Kaganate haana kugara pasi enhoroondo pachikuva, uye muna 603 wakaparadzwa madzinza vokuTurkey, akatungamirirwa mutungamiriri genus Ashinov. It rinoumbwa dzidzo matatu dzedzinza - Basmil, Karluk uye Uighurs. Kuva kugara vachionana China, havana chete vakava nevatsigiri vake, asiwo akakwereta ake zvakanakisisa, panguva iyoyo, administrative hurongwa.

Pakutanga munhau Uighur Khanate anonzi makore 745 okuberekwa, somugumisiro chakasimba intertribal hondo vakabata simba kwakabva mutungamiriri genus Yaglakar ainzi Bilge (mufananidzo wake pazasi). Iye pachake aiva Uighur, uye nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, hurumende akavasika kuwana zvavo, vakaburukira munhoroondo zita.

The womukati maumbirwo Uighur State

Zvakakosha kubhadhara mutero mutongi: Uyghur Khaganate yaakasika pamusoro pemisimboti democratic zvakakwana uye unopfuura akasiyana ufuza netsika yaitonga. Bilge zvinhu administrative mabasa vakachengeteswa vamiririri genera gumi, vakaumba rudzi toguz Oguz, iyo rava kutungamirira, asi kwete rave rehurumende.

Basmil kumanikidza kuti vakupedze nemishonga, akavapa nekodzero dzakafanana yemadzitateguru avo hama. Kunyange duku rudzi rwakadai KIBI Tongra, hun, Kumbonetswa nevamwe, vakaendeswa mukuru ezvinhu pamusoro akamira zvakaenzana. Payaipera makumi makore 'hondo yokurwisa Karluk Uyghur Khanate urwo rwakatora intermittently Bilge pashure porufu, uye vakanga equalized pamwe toguz-Oguz, kuwana pachavo vari chete chinzvimbo chakakwirira.

chimiro ichi mudziyo womukati inopiwa kwaari pakutanga kugadzikana yakakwana. vemunyika Small panguva vane kodzero sezvo aitungamirira yorudzi Uighur Khanate. The hondo vokuTurkey, dzimwe anongofamba masangano chete akasimbisa mubatanidzwa uyu.

Nokuti bheji ake Bilge Khan akasarudza nzvimbo iri pakati wetsoka Hang uye rwizi Orkhon. Kazhinji, pfuma yake, kaganhurana China, kumavirira akafukidzwa Dzungaria - kucherechedza kwavo munzvimbo wenharaunda Central Asia, uye kumabvazuva - chikamu muManchuria. Nokuti mamwe miganhu pfuma Uighurs havana kutsvaka. Pakazosvika pakati VIII remakore inowanzorimwa vanhu vakanga vaneta zvavakakanganisa ukapisa murwi.

Mugari wenhaka kune mukuru simba

Pakafa Bilge Khan, akatevera muna 747 gore, simba guru iri Uyghur Khaganate akapfuura mwanakomana wake Mayanchuru, asi nhaka kodzero dzavo aifanira kudzivirira mukurwisana ropa. The okupedzisira nguva rokutonga baba vake pakataurwa chidzoke ane pedyo ake kushorwa madenderedzwa vasingagutsikane yemafambisirwo ezvinhu uye akamirira mukana vamukire.

Kushandisa rufu mutongi, kwakamutsa kupandukira pakati vatungamiriri uye Basmil Kurluk, nokudaro kuchibudisa hondo. Vasina kana mukana kuti vakupedze nemishonga, Mayanchur akamanikidzwa kuita kubatsirwa vatorwa - the Tatars uye kidonyan. Zvisinei, vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakaona kuti basa rinokosha anobudirira kwemamiriro hondo vakaridza anokwanisa kuwana zvose akaoma nyaya kutsauswa.

Achibvumirana saka ukuru kwayo, Mayanchur akaita urongwa ehurumende. Akatanga kusikwa Mobile uye vakanyatsodzidziswa hondo. Chinhu chikuru kuitwa sezvo Uighur Khanate aripo munguva yehondo, nguva dzose inopenya yose Central Asia. Asi, kusiyana baba vake, mutongi muduku akaita zvose zvaanogona kuti vawedzere Holdings dzavo.

Military mishandirapamwe Mayanchura

Saka, pakutanga 750, akakunda panotangira mvura Yenisei River, akakunda rudzi vaigarako chibva, uye kuwa akakunda Tatars, selivshimsya muWestern muManchuria. Gore rakatevera, ake kukunda yakawedzerwa Kyrgyz nyika, bordered kuchamhembe-dzokumadokero kumuganhu Khanate. Kuramba tsika baba vake, Mayanchur akapa vamiririri yakakunda marudzi avo kuenzana kwekodzero nevamwe vagari ehurumende.

An Danho rinokosha munhoroondo Uighur Khanate riri achivapa rechiuto rubatsiro mumiririri kuna China Tang imba. Chokwadi ndechokuti muna 755, mumwe akakurumbira vatungamiriri Chinese Army-An Lushan vakapanduka uye akatungamirira dzakawanda yokuzviparadzanisa, akaumba zvikurukuru pamusoro vokuTurkey, akakunda vose guta guru hweKudenga Empire - Chang'an uye Luoyang. Somugumisiro, Kesari akanga asina sarudzo, asi kukumbira kubatsirwa neshamwari dzaro Uighurs.

Mayanchur akabvuma kudanwa, kaviri akatumira China nehondo 5 zviuru. Nyanzvi uye 10000th ebetsero inenge mauto. Izvi zvakaponesa Tang youmambo, uye akamubatsira kuti varambe vaine simba, asi basa yakapiwa nokuda Uighurs, aifanira kubhadhara negoridhe.

More mazakwatira inobhadharwa Kesari kuti nevanozvitsigira ake kuti kubva nyika China, uye kumisa zvaibiwa kwakaenderera. The muchiuto mashandiro kudzorera hurongwa pedyo nyika iri zvikuru zvakapfumisa Khanate uye akanaka kukanganisa hupfumi hwayo.

Kuitwa kutenda Manichaean

Chimwe Danho rinokosha munhoroondo Uighur Khanate akauya, aaisitaura Chinese yaMakoronike, muna 762, uye akanga asina chokuita vemauto kukunda uye vanhu vake kunyorera kutenda Manichaean. Her muparidzi akava mumishinari kutaura zvakajeka mutauro Uighurs Sogdian uye akasangana navo panguva kwidza mu hweKudenga Empire.

Chitendero Mani, kana zvimwe Manichaeism yakatanga muna III remakore muBhabhironi, akakurumidza kuwana vateveri vake pasi pose. Pasina kupinda mashoko dzidziso yake, tinoona chete kuti North Africa pamberi kuitwa chiKristu, Manichaeism akaparidzira ramangwana Saint Augustine, muEurope izvozvo akapa richisimuka kuti Albigensian manyepo, uye kamwe ari Iranian nyika, akatamira kune kuFar East.

Kuva chitendero Uighurs mamiriro, Manichaeism akavapa kurudziro simba kuti mberi vakananga budiriro. Nokuti hunonyatsobatana netsika, vaiva zvikuru yepamusoro Sogd inoti iri kuCentral Asia, mutauro Sogdian vakapinda kushandiswa iri ndima chete Turkic Uighurs uye akapa mukana chokusika mabhuku yavo yenyika. Akabvumira venyika zuro kubatana tsika Iran, uye ipapo yose Mediterranean.

Zvichakadai, nhaka kubva nguva fuza tsika Uighur Khanate, pasinei kwaibatsira vechitendero chitsva uye yakasimbiswa nemagariro ukama, zvikuru akaramba chete, uye mhirizhonga ndiyo nzira yokugadzirisa matambudziko akawanda. Zvinozivikanwa zvikuru kuti muna mbiri dzakasiyana nguva mutongi dzakawira kubva vaurayi, uye mumwe kuzviuraya, rakombwa boka rioters.

VokuTuva ari chikamu Uighur Khanate

In pakati VIII remakore Uighurs akaedza kaviri kuti vatore ndima enzvimbo vokuTuva, uye vakaedza kukurira madzinza vaigara imomo chibva. Zvakanga zvakaoma chaizvo, nekuti vakanga vari kubatana vavakidzani vayo kuchamhembe - Kyrgyz - uye kuvimba nokutsigira kwavo. Maererano nevaongorori vakawanda, kuti rubatsiro vavakidzani kwakaita kukundikana pamusoro Uighurs uye mutungamiri wavo Moyun-Chura panguva yokutanga rutsigiro.

Papera imwe chete gore, somugumisiro kukunda muhondo yacho River Bolchu, Uighur hondo akakwanisa kukunda kurwisa zviri Kyrgyz chibva uye vakabatana navo. To pakupedzisira kuwana nzvimbo iri akakunda mundima Moyun-Chura akarayira kuvaka nhevedzano masvingo uye kuzvidzivirira zvivako, uyewo pakagadzwa emauto misha ikoko. Senzira Uighur Khanate vokuTuva zvakanga kusvika kuwa kwake, sezvo kumusoro-dzokumadokero kumucheto mamiriro.

Kusawirirana pamwe hweKudenga Empire

In yechipiri yezana VIII remakore, yekudyidzana akarwarisa rara China Khanate. Kunyanya kuoneka aiva kamwe muna 778 gore simba kwakauya Kesari Detszun (mufananidzo wake pazasi), ruvengo chaizvo Uighurs uye haatori zvakakodzera kuviga antipathy yavo. Rights mumakore iwayo kaganate Idigan Khan, achida kumanikidza muruoko pasi, vakaunganidza varwi uye vakarwisa kuchamhembe kumatunhu munyika.

Zvisinei, haana kuziva kuti mumakore kubva ipapo, sezvo Uighurs akaponesa Kodzero China Tang imba, vagari China yakawedzera kusvika miriyoni vanhu, uye naizvozvo, ikawanda uye kukura kuhondo. Somugumisiro uto raro uchinzvera dzakaguma kukundikana uye zvichaita chete kuwedzera yakawiriranwa ruvengo.

Zvisinei, nguva pfupi pashure hondo pamwe Tibet akamanikidza Chinese mambo kukumbira rubatsiro kuna Uighur vaimuvenga, uye avo muripo weUS kupa iye aine zvakakwana simba contingent wamapoka. Reining ichishanda kwemakore matatu Tibet uye kuvhiringidza kurwisa wavo North China, ivo Uighurs akagamuchira waaishandira yakaenzanirana mari yendarama, asi paakadzoka kumba pashure pehondo, atarisana yokupora dambudziko.

Start yomunyika kukakavara

By pasi mushandirapamwe, mauto ake Idigan Khan aisaziva kuti pakati pamarudzi yaiumba chavagari Khanate, vakawanda kwete chete kunzwira tsitsi Tibetans, asi vane ropa ukama navo. Somugumisiro, achidzoka kukunda dzimwe nyika, vakamanikidzwa Uighurs pamba kudzvinyirira nemhirizhonga payakatanga zvose pamusoro penzvimbo, akakumikidza ne Karluk uye Turgish.

Achangopedza akanga Khanate Warriors kupwanya kurwisa dzavo, sezvo vari shure kwavo vakapanduka Kyrgyz kuunganidza kuti nguva kuzvionera, asi akatora mukana enyika kusagadzikana kupedzisa kuparadzana. Muna 816, mamiriro ezvinhu zvakasikwa somugumisiro zvinorwisana maari, akatora mukana Tibetans, anosiya pasina tariro kutsiva nokuda ichangopfuura kukundwa yacho Uighurs. Kuti rienderane nguva huru mauto Khanate, muchirongwa kudzvinyirira iri yemuna, riri kuchamhembe muganhu mamiriro, vakarwisa guta guru Karakorum Uighuria uye zvaibiwa kwakaenderera zvose zvavaigona kutakura, uye vakaripisa.

hondo Religious dzakabviswa Khanate

Zvakazoitwa disintegration of Uighur Khanate, akauya pakati IX remakore, vakabatsira kuwedzera gore rimwe separatist manzwiro pakati pamarudzi zvaiva kwaari. Basa rinokosha zvinoyerera yavo kusiyana kwezvitendero kutamba, pamwe chete Uighurs vakava chikuru chinhu ruvengo nokudenga.

Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti Uighur Khanate avapo panguva apo pakati inowanzorimwa vanhu Central Asia aiva chirongwa kuchinja kutenda. MuArabhu akakwereta zvechitendero maonero achinyanya kubva Iran, Siria uye Arabia, asi zvinoitika zvishoma nezvishoma, pasina kufurirwa kunze. Saka, zvishoma nezvishoma midzi pakati pavo Nestorian Christianity, chiIslam, chiBhudha uye theistic (chiBuddha, izvo anoziva Musiki wezvinhu zvose). Muzviitiko apo marudzi anongofamba mumwe vakava nemataundi vavakidzani zvakawanda simba vanongotevera vakakumbira kubhadhara mutero, uye havana kuedza kundichinja yose-siyana maonero avo.

Asi Uighurs, vakaedza kumanikidza marudzi kubhadhara, vaiva chikamu mamiriro, Manichaeism, nokuti vazhinji vatorwa uye isinganzwisisiki nokuda kukwana panguva pakukura. Zvakafanana policies vakaita nekuda amarudzi, vave waitirwa ari kunopamba, akawana pachavo vavateerera. Hariguti chete akapiwa mutero Uighurs vakamanikidzwa kusiya zvatinosiita mararamiro uye tora Manichaeism, ichibereka pakudaro anotyora psyche kuti vatongi vari pasi ake.

Pakutanga rufu mamiriro

Tsika iyi chakaita kuti chokwadi kuti kwete chete kuvimbika asiwo chaizvo nokuvapo Uighuria nguva kutya vakawanda nechinzwano kwokunze vavengi. Nokukurumidza musazonetsanazve nezvombo pamwe Kyrgyz Karluk uye kunyange Tibetans akatora chimiro yehondo dzechitendero. izvi zvose zvakakonzera kuti chokwadi kuti pakati IX remakore ukuru Uighur Khanate kare.

The kwakaderera aimbova simba State vaibatsirwa Kyrgyz akabata muna 841, guta rake Karakorum uye vakaba zvose chezvipo zviri mariri. vaongorori vakawanda simbisa kuti kukundwa of Karakoram pamusoro kukosha uye migumisiro akanga akafanana kuwa Constantinople muna 1453.

Pakupedzisira Uighur Khanate rakabhuroka pasi yakakuwandira pamusoro gurusvusvu Chinese, uyo akamurwisa muna 842 uye akamanikidza erstwhile nevatsigiri vake shure kusvika kumiganhu muManchuria. Asi zvakadaro refu ndege haana kuponesa kuparara Army. Kyrgyz Khan, kudzidza kuti Uighurs vakawana utiziro munyika enzvimbo yacho Tatars, akauya nehondo huru uye kuurayiwa vose vaigona vachiri kutakura zvombo.

Sudden chisimba kubva China wakateverera mabasa kwete chete zvechiuto uye ezvematongerwo enyika, asi nechinangwa kukunda Manichaeism, mamwe dzinoita kuti kupararira chiBuddha. Mukhtar Maniyev zvose mabhuku echitendero zvakaparadzwa, uye pfuma zvaitambidzwa vashumiri dzeboka iri wavarindi papfuma.

The wokupedzisira Chiito mumutambo

Zvisinei, nyaya haina yakaguma Uighurs. Pashure pokukundwa zvavo kamwe simba mamiriro vachiri kukwanisa muna 861, vakabatana kupota wokupedzisira imba youmambo rakatonga kwokutanga Yaglakara, kuumba duku kwavabati kuchamhembe-yokumadokero China, nharaunda enyika Gansu. Izvi dzidzo ichangobva akasika yakava chikamu hweKudenga Empire muranda kodzero.

Kwechinguva Uighurs ukama vatenzi vavo vatsva akadzikama zvakakwana, kunyanya sezvo nguva vaibhadhara mutero yakatarwa. Vakanga vakabvumirwa kuramba muchiuto kwete vakawanda kuti vadzivise yokurwiswa hasha vavakidzani - Karluk marudzi, uye yagmy Chigils.

Kana simba rako hakuna kukwana kubatsira nemauto ehurumende. Asi gare gare Kesari of China, achipomera Uighurs ari kupamba nemhirizhonga, kunyimwa wavo kudzivirira. Izvi muna 1028 vaibatsirwa pedyo Tunguses Tibetans uye Uighurs mutore nyika, hwogumisa umambo hwavo. Izvi rinopedzisa nyaya Uighur Khanate, sezvo akapfupikisa munyaya ino.