Kunyora Ancient Egypt

Kunyora muIjipiti yekare yakanga yakavakirwa hieroglyphs. vatambi ava kunzwisisa kazhinji vakanga nyore nyore uye stylized chifananidzo chinhu kana munhu anorarama. Kunyora muIjipiti yekare - uchapupu vekare - munguva itsva dzakaonekwa pamusoro pembiru, zvisaririra nenhokwe yembiru, mifananidzo uye makuva. Izvi zvakaitika panguva apo vaongorori European rakatanga kudzidza ichi chisinganzwisisike yokuMabvazuva nyika.

The zita "yekare" ndohwavo nevaGiriki. Ivo nechisimba 332 BC kare nyika achitungamirirwa Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Mushoko rechiGiriki "hunhu" kunoreva rinoshandurwa "inoyera pezvakavezwa."

Maererano nevaongorori, muEgipita kunyora ndiyo yakanaka panyika. The zvakanakisisa chero vanhu vasingagoni kusika. Asi 5th remakore AD, hieroglyphic kunyora weIjipiti yekare akanga akanganwa uye zviuru zvemakore zvakawanda, mana vatambi vaiva muchakavanzika kunyange veko. Muchiitiko chino, kwete chete munyika iyi asi pose hapana aikwanisa kuzvinzwisisa. Decipher kunyorwa weIjipiti yekare yakaidzwa 16-17 emakore. Chinetso ichi kubva vakaedza kugadzirisa masayendisiti akawanda.

With kutsakatika yebudiriro yakarasika, uye kiyi kunzwisisa yekare hieroglyphic kunyora. Okupedzisira hieroglyphs vekare zvakavezwa muna 394 AD vanenge. Temberi Isis muna Philae. Chinonyanya kuchangobva anozivikanwa wenyaya aiva Demotic akanyorwa 452 AD.

Huge zvenhoroondo nguva (anenge matatu nehafu zvemakore) chiri muShoko magwaro. Chokwadi, munyika iyi, mutauro wekare muEgipita achinja. Vanotsvakurudza kuiganhura vachiita mumatanho mashanu budiriro:

- Old Egyptian mutauro wakashandiswa munguva Kingdom Old (28-23 remakore BC ...);

- munguva kubva 22 kusvika 16 emakore. BC Inoshandisa (sredneegipetsky) mutauro chaiwo;

- munguva 16 -13 emakore. BC. e. - Late mutauro muEgipita;

- demotic vaEgipita kushandiswa 8 mumutauro. BC. e. 5 remakore munguva yedu.

- 3-mu. n. E akatanga kushandiswa mutauro Coptic.

Mushure nechisimba mutauro navaArabhu Coptic muna 7th remakore AD, zviri zvishoma nezvishoma kutanga kutsiva mutauro weArabic.

Kunyora Egipita anonzi, pamwe chete Sumerian zvinyorwa, mukuru munyika. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kwakafanana tsika iyi nyika yekare, akaumba zvakakwana pachavo. Nhamba hieroglyphic zviratidzo, rakajairika - panenge mazana manomwe. Nomumwe zvinhu chetsamba aigona kurondwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Izvi zvikurukuru novimba nguva uye muchidimbu kubudikidza mano munyori. Nyaya iyi, pakutanga, vatsvakurudzi anotaurwa so hieratic (kurzive) kunyora.

Sami vatambi dzinoiswa chitarisiko chavo. Kupatsanura pakati Gardiner (Chirungu muongorori wezvaiitika kuIjipiti) anonzi kugamuchirwa.

Vanhu muIjipiti yekare yaishandiswa matatu kunyora hurongwa:

- hieratic,

- hieroglyphic

- uye demotic.

Hieroglyphic ino tanga, akapa mifananidzo uye pictograms. Raishandiswa kuti muunganidzwa ezvinamato.

Hieratic gadziriro kurzive chimiro hieroglyphic ezvinhu nyore. Yaishandiswa pakugadzirira dzebhizimisi uye zviri pamutemo magwaro.

Rumwe rudzi ezvinhu rava shorthand Demotic.

KUNZWISISA kunyora muEgipita vanhu vasingagoni kuva musayendisiti kwemakore anopfuura 2000 kwemakore. In Rosetta, pedyo Alexandria, muna 1799 zvakanzi yakawanikwa duku basalt ibwe. Rakanga akanyorwa chirevo raFarao Ptolemy Rechishanu. The kutsikisa yakaitwa muna matatu hurongwa: hieroglyphic, demotic uye nechiGiriki. Stone, ainzi Rosetta, razova chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvakawanikwa kuti masayendisiti, Egyptologists, nokuti ine kiyi kunzwisisa tsamba yekare. Vagadzirise chakavanzika yekare muna 1822 akatsiva ari wokuFrance Zh.F.Shampolonu.