Tiberiy Grakh - Roman enyika

Tiberiy Grakh ndeimwe unhu yakakurumbira munhoroondo Rome yekare. Akava nomukurumbira ari muparamende, muvandudzi, enyika uye nomukurumbira. A rinokosha pakuita kuparadzirwa Biography ari mutungamiri airidza zvakamira akauraya Tiberiy Grakh. Biography iyi munhau ichava nyaya yedu yokudzidza.

mavambo

Tiberiy Grakh vaiva Sempronius okuberekwa. genus ichi, kunyange munhu plebeian, asi zvaiva yavatezvara kumakurukota - mutongo vepamusoro yeRoma Republic.

History plebeian kworudzii Sempronius anotanga Countdown zvayo III. BC. e. The bazi akakurumbira vamiririri Gracchi rokutanga raiva guru-sekuru nyaya yedu gamba, uyo aivawo namesake ake. Waikudzwa muna 238 BC. e. kuva Mumiriri Republic. mwanakomana wake wedangwe, Tibheriyo aiva nhumwa kaviri kare - muna 215 uye 213 makore. BC. e., asi akaurayiwa panguva Yechipiri Punic War. mwana wake wechipiri - vaPubhirio - sekuru vake aiva munhu aichinja.

Mwanakomana vaPubhirio, uyo aipfeka tsika zita kwaTibheriasi mhuri, akanga paakavapa musoro Mumiriri muna 177 uye 163 makore. BC. e. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, muna 187 BC. e., aiva wavarwi vanhu.

VaPubhirio akaroora Cornelia - mumiririri mhuri chakanaka patrician uye mwanasikana yakakurumbira weNobel nokuda Hannibal - Publiya Korneliya Scipio Africanus Mukuru. In muchato uyu vana 12 vakaberekwa. Zvisinei, kusvikira akura takakwanisa tipone matatu chete: Tibheriyo Gracchus, iyo ichakurukurwa pazasi, Guy wake muduku hanzvadzi yake Sempronia mukoma uye.

Birth uye vechidiki

Pane shanduro dzakawanda kuti apo Roma akaberekwa Tiberiy Grakh. The Ungangove kuonekwa 166, 163 kana 162 makore. BC. e.

Tibheriyo akarasikirwa baba vake - akafa muna 154 BC. e. Amai vakaramba kuroorwazve. Kunyange zvazvo, maererano nengano, izvozvo courted kunyange mumiririri Ptolemies - mhuri yeIjipiti youmambo. Yakasarudza kupedzera akazvifukidza kurera vana.

Pazera makore anenge gumi Tibheriyo okuberekwa akatora college augurs, iyo yainzi unokudzwa kwazvo rouprista.

Tiberiy Grakh akazivikanwa pane muduku. Iye muchirongwa kubatwa zviri muCarthage muna Second Punic War, aiita pasi murayiro hama yake rwaamai divi Scipio African Emiliàn. Uye kuti Tibheriyo muna 146 BC. e. rokutanga VaRoma akakwanisa kukwira pamasvingo guta rino.

Akaramba basa rechiuto

Ipapo Tibheriyo akaramba basa rake rechiuto kuSpain. Akanga quaestor Gaius Hostilius Manzini. Asi ake yokuzviparadzanisa wavarwi airarama nevanhu Iberia. Kuburikidza Nhaurirano, vakatora chikamu Tibheriyo, zvaigoneka kwete chete kuti mubve mauto ayo kubva kwezvakatipoteredza, asi kugumisa pamwe Iberians zvakanaka runyararo chibvumirano.

Zvisinei, pane ake vakadzokera kuRoma, Tibheriyo, dare akaramba tsigira gwaro, pasina mvumo yake sezvo chakaitwa.

The political mamiriro muRoma

Kunyange yokutanga yezana III plebeians remakore, avo Wemhuri zita uye Gracchi, takakwanisa kuwana kuzivikanwa kwavo enyika kodzero. The vakapfuma wavo pamwe chete patricians vakaumba mutsva kirasi mutongo wehurumende yeRoma - kwamachinda.

Chinzvimbo rakavambwa kudzivirira kodzero plebeian wavarwi vanhu. Masimba tribunes zvaisanganisira mukana kuungana reVanodzika uye kuisa mberi zvemitemo matanho, asiwo kodzero kurambidza sarudzo weSeneti. Akasarudzirwa chinzvimbo ichi kunogona chete vamiriri plebeian pakuberekwa.

Zvibereko enyika nhandare

Zvichakadai, Tibheriyo akasiya basa rechiuto uye takasarudza kuzvipira mumagariro uye zvematongerwo enyika. Nechekare vane pamwero kukurumbira pakati pavanhu, akatora mukana muna 134 BC. e. mumwe musarudzo nokuti kusarudzwa nevanhu tribunes, vakabudirira akunda.

Mumwe kiyi zvokudya musarudzo chirongwa kwaTibheriasi Gracchus, kuburikidza raakanga raitsigirwa nevanhu, aiva munyika kuchinja.

Zvinokonzera munyika zvinhu

Tiberiy Grakh asati asvika yezvematongetwo, asi kuoma mamiriro ezvinhu akapararira Roman Republic. Zvakanga zvakafanira kuti hombe chikamu kuunganidzwa zvaiita nyika chokwadi kusimbiswa mumaoko vashoma vanhu vakapfuma vanoda dzinonzi akarikunda was kubva hurumende. Unorema vaRoma panguva muitiro vakava landless, kuti kurasikirwa kunobva akazvimirira mari. Izvi zvakazoita kuti impoverishment vomuUmambo, izvo zvaizoitawo akavabvumira kushanda muchiuto, nekuti panguva iyoyo varume chakagadzwa pfuma zvinodiwa. Saka, muitiro munyika dispossession zvisina kunanga kukanganisa okuchengetedza weRoma Republic. Izvi, Sezvineiwo, mumwe zvinokosha nei kuparadzwa varimi ainetseka Tibheriyo Gracchus.

In guru latifundia, zviri kuramba basa rinokosha varanda. Mumwe aimbova vanhuwo zvavo landless dzakamanikidzwa kuenda muguta, achiwedzera pane marongera pamusoro underclass, asi hamuna vakarasikirwa enyika kodzero dzavo lumpen. Pavanondirwisa vanotarisirwa zvikuru kunyika kuchinja.

Musimboti munyika zvinhu

Agrarian mutemo kwaTibheriasi Gracchus envisaged rutapudzo pamusoro kunonyanyisa Kuwanda was nzvimbo mumaoko mumwe muridzi - hapana kupfuura 500 uger, izvo unoenderana 125 hectares. Varidzi Large, vakanga vari kurasa zvikamu zvikuru vaifanira kudzorera pachisara nevoruzhinji soumambo. Zvino idzi akaparadzirwa Vagari landless yeRoma Republic - 30 uger wose.

Tibheriyo Gracchus mutemo ichiri chinopa mamwe aizorodzwa nevapfumi. Saka, mumwe mwanakomana akaberekwa vaikwanisa chengeta zvikuru optioneel 250 uger nyika. Kunyange zvakadaro, nhamba nzvimbo mhuri nezvinenge havafaniri kupfuura 1000 uger.

Tiberiy Grakh zvinganaka iumbe zvokurima basa vanhu vatatu vachapiwa avepo kugovera nyika.

Zvisinei Gracchus aida kushandisa mutemo, kwete chete kusimbisa varimi diki uye kusimbisa hondo, asiwo pachako kwandakaita makuru varidzi.

bhiri

Zvinofanira kuitwa pamusoro bhiri chaiva chakaoma kwacho.

Kunyange zvazvo tsika akabvunza usati kuita chero bhiri kutsvaga rutsigiro weSeneti, hazvina haina kwazvo mutemo. The zvakawanda kuti weSeneti neizvi yokunzvenga mhinduro asati. Naizvozvo, Tibheriyo pakarepo vakapfuura kukurukurwa bhiri iri National Assembly.

Asi bhiri pakarepo vetoed vamwe mikoko - Octavius, aiva hunopiwa kufarira kuramba yekare. Nokuti munhu nezvikonzero haana kufara nazvo, mutemo zvaakanga aronga Tiberiy Grakh. Kudzora muvandudzi muna weSeneti haana kushandura stalemate.

Ipapo Tibheriyo Octavia akatanga kubviswa kubva muhofisi somunhu kuuya kukuvadza vanhu. Tribunes kusarudzwa panzvimbo Octavia, vakatsigira kuchinja zvinhu.

Pashure kufarirwa national paungano bhiri iri agrarian kuchinja, akagamuchira simba mutemo.

Kushanda mutemo

Pangosvika Commission akasarudzwa, waiva kuti pave mashandiro munyika zvinhu. Mariri, kunze Tibheriyo, vaiva ake tsano Guy uye weApiyo Klavdiy Pulhr.

Rich vakuru vakaedza zvose zvinogoneka nzira kukurira basa basa iri. Asi pasinei ichi, iye akaramba achiita paro mabasa. Chimwe chikuru kubudirira mubasa Komisheni ndiyo chikamu pfuma yamambo yePegamo Attalus, uyo akapa zvose upfumi hwake uye Umambo weRoma Republic.

Kupondwa Tibheriyo Gracchus

Zvichakadaro, vavengi zvinhu Tibheriyo Gracchus akaedza kuronga nesananguro mumwe kubhabhatidzwa nokuda pambiru wehondo, kana rokuti hofisi muvandudzi apera. Vakasarudza nguva apo varimi vazhinji vaipona noruzhinji, vaiita zvokurima basa uye vakasagona kusvika kuRoma.

Mumakore vanhu Assembly mu muzhizha 133 BC. e. Ini akarova mumwe vechikwata ichi vakaita mhirizhonga, panguva iyo vatsigiri vakawanda muvandudzi vakaurayiwa. Vakaurayiwa pachake inomira. Asi rufu Tibheriyo Gracchus vasingagoni kumisa muitiro kuti kufamba.

Njodzi kuchinja

Pakafa kwaTibheriasi Gracchus, kunyange zvazvo vatsigiri vake akadurura udzvanyiriri, mutemo agrarian haina akadzima uye akaramba kushanda.

Asi akauraya nhengo Commission imwe hama Gracchus - Gaya Krass muroora.

Asi kushorwa kwavavengi kwakanga zvisinei yakakwirira chaizvo, uye muna 129 BC. e. Commission aifanira misa mabasa ayo, kunyange zvazvo panguva iyoyo akanga aita chaizvo. Asi mutemo, chokwadi, vakaramba ishande, asi ayo Implementation ava vaisanganisira ari masimba Mumiriri.

Muna 123 BC. e. Gay Grakh akaedza kuramba kutanga mukoma democratic. Waakagadzirira inoverengeka mitemo dzave vakagamuchirwa sezvinodiwa zvavo plebs. Izvi zvinosanganisira Corn Mitemo, motokari, zvaakatonga, zvechiuto. Wokupedzisira izvi raiva akatangira yakakurumbira zvinhu uto Gaya Mariya. Uyezve, naGayo Gracchus akabudirira mirayiro kushaya varimi kuti nyuchi pasi zita Juno muna North Africa iri matongo muCarthage. Chiitiko chacho chaiva chokusimudzira nemasimba ose vamiririri landless plebs nyika.

Asi muna 121 BC. e. Guy akaurayiwa, kufanana munin'ina wake, vavengi. Kufanana rufu Tibheriyo, chokwadi ichi vasingagoni omisa democratic kuchinja vaiuya vanhu Roman. Mune ramangwana, ivo zvakaguma yehondo. The apotheosis of Civil War aiva nebope pakati Gaya Mariya uye Musandu, Pompey uye Yuliya Tsezarya, Mark Antony uye Octavian Augustus.

Kukosha wacho

Tiberiy Grakh nokusingaperi kuramba chimwe chezvinhu iconic manhamba munhoroondo Rome yekare. Aiva mumwe yokutanga kusuma mitemo kuti, pakutanga kwezvose, vave kubatwa zvinodiwa pangozi zvikuru mapoka vemunyika. Huchiri kwete zvakazara pachena kuti zvose vavariro mufambiro wake, sezvo vamwe vanyori venhau tenda mumwe zvikonzero zvayo inonetsa enyika basa pachake kwandakaita makuru nenyika varidzi, asi zvisinei kunobatsirawo democratization nzanga Roman haina mibvunzo.

Vamwe vaongorori vanodavira kuti akanga Tiberiy Grakh akavamba enyika nhungamiro ramangwana yakashandurwa kuva democratic vebato populists.

Yakanga mavambo pavanotaurirana pamwe Gracchi huru Varidzi dzimwe nguva zvichishandurwa sezvo kuvhurika munguva yehondo yevagari muna Roman Republic.

Hazvibviri kuona zvikomborero zvakaunzwa nyore vanhu Roman Gracchus. Tibheriyo naGayo nokusingaperi munhoroondo yenyika, nemhaka namabasa ake.